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Focusing on John Stuart Mill, a particularly illuminating contributor to modern democratic theory, this article examines the connections between modern democracy and the European colonial experience. It argues that Mill drew on the exclusionary logic and discourse available through the colonial experience to present significant portions of the English working classes as domestic barbarians, whose potential rise to power posed a danger to civilization itself: a line of argument that helped him legitimate representative government as a democratic, rather than an antidemocratic form of government, as it had been traditionally perceived. The article contributes to our understanding of the development of modern democratic theory and practice by drawing attention to the ways the colonial experience shaped core Western institutions and ways of thinking, and it makes the case that this experience remains an essential, if often unacknowledged, part of our collective “self.”

This article examines the emancipatory potential, which exists in displacement in terms of the change in gender roles and the transformation of women into influential and leading forces in the rehabilitation of refugees. It also examines the issue from a cultural archetypal point of view and investigates the cultural interpretation and perception of the state of chaos and destruction as gender-dependent. On the basis of archetypal models of rites of passage, we examine the different perceptions of the liminal and anti-structural phase of displacement and the way it diminishes powers and coping resources among men, as opposed to the creation of healing and rehabilitative resources derived from the marginal areas of women’s culture.