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Cloud Computing and Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) are two of the most dominant paradigms nowadays. Models are considered as major parts in the MDE, and concentrates on the formation and then conversion of models to the implementation. Cloud Computing is also getting reputation as the standard approach for designing and organizing software applications over the internet, especially for distributed and e-commerce applications. In recent times, Cloud Computing has become known as a latest opportunity that how software and other resources can be provided to the consumers as a service. The cloud aspects need to be well engineered for the software engineering methodologies particularly modeling the cloud aspects to provide logical tested solution prior to implementation. On the other side, general-purpose language UML, provides modeling and designing notions to symbolize software, platforms and architectural artifacts from diverse viewpoints of object-oriented paradigm. UML can also be extended to model and visualize the non objectoriented systems. Lately, few cloud modeling methodologies have emerged, however, useful support for designing cloud application is still missing. As a result, we propose UML-based framework using UML extension mechanism for modeling cloud computing paradigm aspects.

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This paper provides a review of the implementation of different materials and how they have impacted the efficiency of solar cells. This work elaborates on all solar generation methods that have been developed in the past and covers disparate technologies that are being implemented in different generations. A review of the characterization and factors involved in these processes are also discussed briefly. Furthermore, the economic, environmental, and technical perspectives related to solar cells have also been expounded. This paper also provides some insights into potential research directions that can be pursued in the field of solar energy. Energy demands are increasing all over the world, and substantial amounts of fossil fuels are currently exhausted all over the world in order to meet those needs, which in turn contaminates our environment; moreover, non-renewable sources of energy are diminishing at higher rates as well. Solar energy is of prime importance in all renewable energy sources as the Sun shines at the Earth for 8 to 10 h on average. Thus, heat can be harnessed to generate electricity, but solar cells are not substantially efficient because the materials used in them are quite costly and waste a considerable amount of energy, mostly as heat, which subsequently reduces the efficiency of the cell and increases the overall price as well. These challenges can be dealt with by designing more efficient, economical systems of storage and manufacturing PV cells with high efficacy. Scientists and engineers are more inclined toward advanced technologies and material manipulation to enhance the efficiency of solar energy and reduce its cost. In this regard, substantial research is being carried out, especially on the structure of materials and advanced materials like nanomaterials and quantum dots. Due to their distinct electromechanical and material properties, carbon-based nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, and nanohybrids are being employed as the electrodes, transport layers, active layers, or intermediate (interfacial) layers of solar cells in this regard.

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