The results suggested that the pathophysiological status of both mother and infant are involved in prematurity. Moreover, these findings suggest an inflammatory response in pre-term labor, which probably is controlled by inducible chemokines such as CXCL10.

Background: Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is defined as a heterogeneous autoimmune disease. Immune system related factors are important in the pathogenesis of T1D. Chemokines are important factors in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, including T1D. They are potent chemotactic cytokines with various functions such as maturation, trafficking of leukocytes, angiogenesis, and homing of stem cells. Therefore, the current study was aimed to examine whether expression of CC chemokines CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL11 is associated with disease duration and complications in Iranian T1D patients. Methods: In this experimental study, blood samples were collected from 108 T1D patients and 189 healthy controls in EDTA pre-coated tubes. The serum levels of CC chemokines were measured by ELISA. Demographic data were also collected along with experimental examinations in a questionnaire which was designed specifically for this study. Results: Results of the present study demonstrated that the expression of CCL2 was decreased while CCL5 and CCL11 were increased in T1D patients in comparison to controls. These results demonstrated that CCL2, CCL5, and CCL11 were elevated in T1D patients with duration of disease. Again, our findings demonstrated that CCL2, CCL5, and CCL11 were elevated in T1D patients with age. But there was not a significant difference between circulating level of CC chemokines studied in T1D patients regarding their gender and they have followed a similar pattern of expression in both genders. Our findings also showed that all three CC chemokines were elevated in T1D patients suffering from diabetes complications. Conclusions: According to the results of our study, elevated levels of CCL5 and CCL11 are in parallel with decreased level of CCL2 and are useful tools in the differential diagnosis of T1D from other types of metabolic disorders. Elevated levels of these CC chemokines probably could be implicated as predictive factors for occurrence of T1D complications. These results may also re-emphasize the prominent therapeutic role(s) of these CC chemokines in control of either T1D or its associated complications.

Background: Type-1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized as a heterogenous autoimmune disease. Immune system factors are important in the pathogenesis of T1D. Chemokines as crucial members of the immune system are key factors in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, including T1D. They are potent chemotactic cytokines with various functions varied from maturation, trafficking of leukocytes, to angiogenesis, angiostasis, and homing of stem cells. Therefore, the current study was aimed to examine if the expression of pro-angiogenic CXC chemokines like CXCL1 and anti-angiogenic chemochines such as CXCL9 are associated with duration and complications of T1D in Iranian diabetic patients. Methods: In this experimental study, blood samples were collected from 209 T1D patients and 189 healthy controls. The serum levels of CXCL1 and CXCL9 were measured by ELISA. Demographic data were also collected on a questionnaire which was designed specifically for this study. Results: Increased plasma levels of chemokines studied (CXCL1 and CXCL9) were observed in T1D patients compared to controls. Current findings also demonstrated that there was a close association between chemokines and complications of T1D and chemokines were elevated in T1D patients suffering complications. Conclusions: Our results probably suggest that the serum levels of CXCL1 and CXCL9 play important roles in T1D pathogenesis. It is also worth noting that these factors are useful prognostic and/or diagnostic biological markers in T1D patients.

BackgroundThis study aims to examine whether specific maternal breast variations (such as flat nipple, inverted nipple, large breast or/and large nipple) are barriers for weight gain in breastfed infants during the first seven days of life.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, 100 healthy term neonates were followed from birth to day seven in two groups; Group A: fifty neonates born to mothers with specified breast variations and Group B: fifty neonates born to mothers without such breast variations ("normal breasts"). All neonates were the first child of their families and there was no sex ratio difference between the two groups. Neonates' weight at birth and day seven were measured and the mean weight differences in the two groups were compared using paired t-test.ResultsNeonates born to mothers without the specified breast variations had a mean weight gain of (+) 53 ± 154.4 g at day seven., Not only there was no increase in the mean weight of neonates in the other group, but they had a mean decrease of weight of (-) 162 ± 125.5 g by the seventh day of their life compared to birth weight. Thus, neonates born to mothers without breast variations had significantly greater weight gain than neonates born to the mothers with the specified variations (p < 0.01).ConclusionBreast variation among first-time mothers acts as an important barrier to weight gain among breastfed neonates in the early days of life. Health professionals need skills in the management of breastfeeding among mothers with the specified breast variations, so that mothers are given appropriate advice on how to breastfeed and overcome these problems.

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