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Efficient electrolysis of water is important for green hydrogen production using renewable energy sources, which requires efficient electrocatalysts having active sites for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to reduce the overpotential and energy consumption. The most efficient HER catalysts are Pt-, Ru-, and Ir-based noble metals, which catalyze the HER with near-zero overpotential. Electrocatalysis utilizes a redox process of the active cation in the framework; the host cations accept/donate electrons for each such conversion reaction or catalytic activity. The relative position of these redox energies with respect to the Fermi level and controlling their variations in different oxides are important for designing novel electrocatalysts and electrodes for electrochemical conversion devices. The utilization of interlayer potential to tune the relative redox energies of the Ti(IV)/Ti(III) redox couples in layered K-and Gd-doped NaYTiO 4 , Na 1−x K x Y 1−x Gd x TiO 4 (x ≤ 0.2), was envisaged here to develop a superior HER electrocatalyst. Polycrystalline sodium yttrium titanate (NaYTiO 4 ) has been synthesized by the sol−gel method and presented as an efficient catalyst for the HER for the very first time. Electrochemical studies reveal superior HER activity; the NaYTiO 4 activity is not only better than that of TiO 2 due to distorted (elongated) octahedral TiO 6 present in NaYTiO 4 but also superior or at least equivalent to that of most of the oxide electrocatalysts studied for the HER. Electrochemical tests reveal good HER performance of our synthesized electrocatalyst with an overpotential of 148 mV and a Tafel slope of 102 mV/dec with good stability for 24 h. Furthermore, due to the increase in strength of the interlayer dipolar electric field (interlayer potential), NaY 0.8 Gd 0.2 TiO 4 (overpotential: 106 mV; Tafel slope: 90 mV/dec) showed superior activity to that of NaYTiO 4 . Utilization of the interlayer potential and strategy for altering the internal electric field (interlayer potential) in layered materials to tune the redox energies of active redox couples and superior electron transfer accelerated by the internal electric field or interlayer potential is presented in the article that can be further utilized to develop superior electrocatalysts and electronic materials.

The review article focuses on Rapid Prototyped assisted scaffold fabrication for bone tissue regeneration, particularly in respect of its mechanical properties and cell culture abilities. The distinct feature of computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD & CAM), imaging technology and rapid prototyping (RP) technology has been used by different researchers to print porous scaffolds with requisite shape and interconnected channels for osseous tissue formation. This study concludes that the use of RP in scaffold manufacturing offers patient specific designed scaffolds with improved strength, in-vitro and in-vivo cell culture capability unlike traditional scaffold fabrication techniques. Tissue engineering using 3D Printing is a viable substitute for organ transplant, which requires willing donors to part with their organs. This study reviewed the benefits of RP/imaging/CAD-CAM to develop scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration and it serves those patients who could not be accurately treated by traditional means. The article is helpful to study the influence of RP in the field of organ transplant

Abstract:Lectins from the leaves, fruit, calyx and stem of Clerodendrum phlomidis plant were isolated after screening of total 54 plants from central India. The crude extract of leaves, fruit, calyx and stem of C. phlomidis plant was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by dialysis. The isolated lectins of C. phlomidis plant were able to agglutinate human as well as dog, hen, goat mouse, mice and fish erythrocytes. The isolated lectins were found to be lactose specific. The pH stability of C. phlomidis leaves lectins was between 4-10 pH, for fruit lectins it was 5-7 pH, and for calyx and stem lectins it was found stable in between 4 and 8 pH. The calyx and stem lectins were active until 60ºC, fruit has shown activity upto 50ºC and in case of leaves, it was found maximum 40ºC. Beyond their respective optimum temperature and pH range, all the lectins were unable to agglutinate erythrocytes. Hemagglutination activity of C. phlomidis plant lectins was also checked in the presence of different metal ions and it was found that it was partially inhibited by aluminium metal ion.