The paper reports the development of a protocol for large-scale micropropagation of Anacyclus pyrethrum, an invaluable medicinal plant, and the presence of pellitorine, the active principle, in leaves and roots of regenerated plants. Three explants-cotyledonary nodes, hypocotyls and cotyledons-were compared for their shoot development/differentiation ability on Murashige and Skoog's (MS, Physiol Plant 15:473-497, 1962) medium supplemented with 1-10 lM of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or kinetin (Kn). The best response (8.88 ± 0.28 shoots per explant) was elicited from the cotyledonary nodal explants on MS ? 2.5 lM Kn. The in vitro regenerated shoots continued to multiply on being sub-cultured on the same medium. Elongated shoots were cultured on MS medium augmented with different concentrations (0.2-15 lM) of 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for induction of roots. The media augmented with 5 or 10 lM IAA or 5 lM NAA were the most effective for the initiation and proliferation of roots. The plantlets were successfully transferred to the following three potting mixtures: garden soil, vermiculite and garden soil (1:1), vermiculite, garden soil and perlite (1:1:1). Among these, the maximum number (75 %) of the transferred plants survived in the garden soil. The high performance liquid chromatographic analyses of roots and leaves of the regenerated plants as well as those from the native habitat revealed the presence of pellitorine in all, with the content being higher in the roots than the corresponding leaves.The developed protocol would be of use for production of A. pyrethrum plants throughout the year, and thus could become a perennial source of the herb and its active principle.
: Oilseed brassicas stand as the second most valuable source of vegetable oil and the third most traded one across the globe. However, the yield can be severely affected by infections caused by phytopathogens. White rust is a major oomycete disease of oilseed brassicas resulting in up to 60% yield loss globally. So far, success in the development of oomycete resistant Brassicas through conventional breeding has been limited. Hence, there is an imperative need to blend conventional and frontier biotechnological means to breed for improved crop protection and yield. : This review provides a deep insight into the white rust disease and explains the oomycete-plant molecular events with special reference to Albugo candida describing the role of effector molecules, A. candida secretome, and disease response mechanism along with nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) signaling. Based on these facts, we further discussed the recent progress and future scopes of genomic approaches to transfer white rust resistance in the susceptible varieties of oilseed brassicas, while elucidating the role of resistance and susceptibility genes. Novel genomic technologies have been widely used in crop sustainability by deploying resistance in the host. Enrichment of NLR repertoire, over-expression of R genes, silencing of avirulent and disease susceptibility genes through RNA interference and CRSPR-Cas are technologies which have been successfully applied against pathogen-resistance mechanism. The article provides new insight into Albugo and Brassica genomics which could be useful for producing high yielding and WR resistant oilseed cultivars across the globe.
White rust, caused by oomycete pathogen Albugo candida, is a serious disease for the crops of Brassicaceae family. It is an obligate pathogen responsible for up to 60% yield loss with combined infection of leaves and inflorescence across the globe. Biochemical variations in host plants can alter the content of proteins, sugars, phenols, iron content etc. enables to understand the biochemistry of host-pathogen interaction. Therefore, the present study was conducted during 2017-2019 at Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh to evaluate the biochemical response of Brassica juncea var. Varuna and its doubled haploid (DH) mutant genotypes infected with A. candida causing white rust at cotyledonary leaf stage. The seven mutant genotypes were tested for pathogenic response against five white rust isolates (WRI). In the challenge assay, mutant genotypes C66 and C69 showed resistance response as compared to susceptible host B. juncea var. Varuna against different isolates on the basis of disease severity. The biochemical parameters were found to be high in the uninoculated genotypes in comparison to infected cotyledons of B. juncea genotypes. The biochemical profile emphasizes significant increase in content of protein, sugar, and phenol from highest in genotype C66 positively correlating with resistance response against pathogen in comparison to other mutant genotype C69 and susceptible check Varuna. The results suggest that factors conditioning the response of mutant genotypes to WRI may differ or control in different ways and triggers novel defense signaling.
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