A small number of easily identified characteristics (sex, age, race, insurance type, comorbidities, diagnosis, and provider case volumes) were significantly associated with longer lengths of stay, readmission, and revision surgery. Consideration of these factors and their effects may guide efforts to improve patient safety and to manage the costs associated with these adverse outcomes.

Introduction Diabetes self-management education is a key aspect in the long-term management of type 2 diabetes. The patient and healthcare professional (HCP) perspective on the use of technology-assisted DSME has yet to be studied. Hence, the objective of this study was to better understand the factors that facilitate or hinder the adoptions of such education by adults with type 2 diabetes and their HCPs. Methods We systematically searched five databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection, and PsycINFO) until August 2019. The search included qualitative and mixed-method studies that reported the views of patients and HCPs regarding features, uses, and implementations of technology-assisted DSME. Data were synthesized through an inductive thematic analysis. Results A total of 13 articles were included, involving 242 patients, ranging from 18 to 81 years and included web-based, mobile application, digital versatile disc (DVD), virtual reality or telehealth interventions. Patients and HCPs had mixed views towards features of the technology-assisted interventions, with patients' personal qualities and HCPs' concerns affecting uses of the interventions. Patients generally preferred technologies that were easy to access, use, and apply and that had reliable information. Patients' ambitions motivated them, and personal attributes such as poor competence with technology, poor literacy, and language barriers acted as barriers. Patients especially liked the peer support that they

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Wavefront encoding (WFE) with different cubic phase mask designs was investigated in engineering 3D point-spread functions (PSF) to reduce their sensitivity to depth-induced spherical aberration (SA) which affects computational complexity in 3D microscopy imaging. The sensitivity of WFE-PSFs to defocus and to SA was evaluated as a function of phase mask parameters using mean-square-error metrics to facilitate the selection of mask designs for extended-depth-of-field (EDOF) microscopy and for computational optical sectioning microscopy (COSM). Further studies on pupil phase contribution and simulated WFE-microscope images evaluated the engineered PSFs and demonstrated SA insensitivity over sample depths of 30 μm. Despite its low sensitivity to SA, the successful WFE design for COSM maintains a high sensitivity to defocus as it is desired for optical sectioning.