No abstract

The adaptation to climatic variability and spatiotemporal distinctions in floristic and microbial assembly is important in forest ecology, especially in the context of biological diversity and functional traits. We investigated climatic variables, plant traits, edaphic properties, and microbial dimensions from various plots with an elevation gradient in a broad-leaved-Korean pine mixed forest. With increasing elevation, isothermality significantly increased; however, temperature and precipitation seasonality, as well as the mean temperature of the warmest quarter, significantly declined. Furthermore, high elevation sites were characterized by increased stand basal areas (Ba) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) tree abundance but featured decreases in the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees and the values of community-weighted mean (CWM) foliar traits (e.g., leaf area, leaf nitrogen content and leaf phosphorus content). Moreover, soil nutrient status, fungal and bacterial diversity indices, fungal saprotrophs, and bacterial function groups related to nitrite oxidation, ammonia oxidation, and nitrate denitrification were all negatively correlated to the elevation increment. In contrast, high elevation sites were characterized by enhanced EM growth and bacterial nitrogen fixation groups. Correlation analysis showed that the microbial diversity and relative abundances of microbial functional groups in soil were significantly influenced by climatic variability, CWM foliar traits and soil nutrient status. These findings demonstrate that the forces driving biological processes along climatic gradients are predictably in tandem with, but related to different extents, to the spatial compartmentalization of climatic variability in forest ecosystems at local scales.

Cost management is an important part of enterprise management and is fundamental to the survival and development of enterprises. Cost management is of great significance to promote production and cost-saving, strengthen cost accounting, improve management, and enhance the overall management level of enterprises. In this paper, different factors affecting mapping are combined with a group intelligence algorithm to study virtual network mapping, which dissects enterprise cost management in a new perspective and analyzes the relationship between enterprises in each supply chain and the association between the processes of each link in the supply chain. The algorithm uses node CPU, node degree, and neighboring bandwidth resources as advisors’ strategies, respectively, and customers consult multiple advisors in the process of constructing mapping solutions, and the advisors give suggestions to customers according to their strategies. CGS-VNE uses an advisor-guided search mechanism to ensure the diversity of mapping solutions, which can fully explore the solution space and derive high-quality enterprise costing solutions through iteration. Whether in evaluating enterprise cost control or enhancing enterprise cost control capability, the value chain theory can be practically applied to clarify the current situation of enterprise cost control under the premise of combining theory and practice and truly achieve the fundamental purpose of helping enterprises to fully implement cost control.