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A method for characterizing the surface mechanical properties of soft materials via laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was investigated experimentally. The experiment was performed using five typical soft samples prepared...

An in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with a magnetic fluid-filled multimode photonic crystal fiber (PCF) fusion spliced into two standard optical fibers was proposed. The interference is induced by the two core mode LP01 and LP11 due to the special air hole structure of PCF, which is insensitive to bending and the Figure 15 Gain/loss graph of 3-way active phase shifter. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]