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Background: Malaria continues to be a serious global public health and development issue. Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal type of the malaria parasite, is responsible for the great majority of malaria-related death and morbidity in children. Aim: To ascertain malaria knowledge, attitudes, and practices among mothers of patients aged 5 to 15 in the district of Bahawalgar, Pakistan. Methods: Study Design: Cross sectional Descriptive study. Settings: The study was done at District health quarter hospital Bahawalnagar. Duration of Study: The duration of study was 9 months from October to June. A questionnaire was used to collect the data from mothers of patients visiting medical OPD. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 25. Results: Findings of the study showed that a total of 241 malaria infected children were studied, to observe their plasmodium prevalence and their parental KAP of malaria. Most common age group of children was 13-15 years among 56.0%. Female’s children were commonest as 63.9%. Most of parents 46.1% were found with intermediate education. P-vivax was P-vivax was mostly seen among 66.4% children followed by p-falciparum 17.4%, p-malariae 3.3% and Plasmodium Vivax + falciparum 12.9%. The prevalence of plasmodiums was insignificantly related to demographic characteristics, with p-values that were relatively low. Conclusion: The study concluded that plasmodium vivax was the most prevalent malarial parasite. Parents had partial knowledge regarding malaria and its treatment. Parents had good attitude and agreed to participation in its prevention. Keywords: Malaria, parents, knowledge, practice, children’s mothers

Background: Domestic violence is of various types and is associated with various health risks. This also effects fetal health. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence during pregnancy in Pakistan and other international settings. Methods: Material was taken through several search engines such as Google scholar, Medline and web search. Data is collected mostly from those studies which are carried out after year 2000. It includes observational studies reporting estimates of prevalence and its risk factors among pregnant women of age more than 15 years. For this purpose 6431 papers were screened and 41 papers met inclusion criteria. Results: Total 115506 participants from all over the world were represented in the data. Meta-analysis produced pooled prevalence estimates of lifetime exposure to any type of domestic violence (DV) of 46.546 % (95% CI 46.258-46.834) by fixed effect and by applying random effect prevalence of domestic violence is 35.349 % (95%CI 28.972-42.000). Conclusion: Domestic violence is common among females with low education. In this meta-analysis, lowest prevalence of domestic violence in pregnant females is come out in Japan and highest in third world countries like Ethiopia, Africa. Keywords: Domestic violence, intimate partner violence, prevalence, Pregnancy, Pakistan

Background and Purpose: Malaria is potentially a severe disease caused by infection of red blood cells with protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Malaria is an important cause of death, illness in children and pregnant women, especially in Africa The present study aimed to develop an alternative treatment that at may be effective and safe against falciparum & vivax malaria and easily available locally and culturally acceptable. To confirms the claims of traditional herbal medicinal plants Picrorhiza kurroa was analyzed by using water and alcoholic extracts. Methods: The present study was conducted on 45 subjects, 24 with aqueous extract and 21 with alcohol extract to assess the clinical efficacy of the medicinal plant Picrorhiza kurroa against malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in Dera Ismail Khan. The roots of P. kurroa were extracted by a Soxhlet extractor using triple distilled water and ethanol as a solvent to obtain both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of P. kurroa. Both extracts are formulated in a capsule of 500 mg. Results: The efficacy was determined clinically and pathologically in patients from 14 to 50 years of both sexes, two capsules of 500 mg stat followed by one capsule twice daily for three days consecutively were given. After the treatment 44.44% of patients recovered, among them 85% (17/45) were male and 15% (3/45) were female. 44.44% efficacy of the drug is considered for further research on the same plant. Conclusion: The study concluded that P. kurroa qualified as an active compound to undergo further investigation for its antimalarial activity and its active constituents should be investigated for better outcomes in the field of traditional medicines.