Tetraorganoindium ate complexes, prepared by the addition of organolithium reagents to trialkylindium, reacted with a,@-unsaturated ketones in a 1,4-addition fashion; allylic indates derived from allylic indium sesqui halides coupled with allylic halides regio-and stereo-specifically to give high yields of head-to-tail 1,5-dienes.

Allylation of aldehyde and ketone, and prenylation of 2-chlorobenzoquinone were achieved by using a combination of a catalytic amount of indium(III) chloride and metallic aluminium or zinc.

Triallyldiindium trihalides and allylindate(1-)s reacted with N-benzylideneamines regioselectively at the C-3 carbon on the allyl group to give high yields of homoallylic secondary amines. Primary amines were obtained by the action of an excess of allylic indates on aromatic nitriles.

Abstract:As a consequence of a large-scale accounting fraud, China implemented a dual audit system for listed companies issuing foreign stocks (B shares and H shares) from 2001 to 2006, before adopting Chinese-IFRS in 2007. At the end of 2010, the EU proposed that listed corporations over a certain size should be required to implement a joint audit system. However, only a few countries have implemented this system, and thus, data and references are extremely limited. The dual audit system is called the "twin" of the joint audit system. We analyze whether the dual system improves a company's earnings quality. Earnings quality is studied by means of real earnings management, and the variable of loss aversion. We find that real earnings management of dual audited enterprises is lower than that of single audited (A-share) enterprises, and the inclination toward loss aversion of enterprises in the foreign share market has not increased significantly relative to the A-share enterprises after the abolition of the dual audit system. The results indicate that a dual audit system improves earnings quality. We expect that the conclusions of this research will resolve the issues and concerns about the joint audit system.

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