No abstract

Nematodes are plentiful in soil and may be found in practically every habitat. Around 25% of global biodiversity is considered to be supported by terrestrial ecosystem soils. There has been less research on nematode populations in Karnataka than there has been in other states. The scarcity of available literature provides up even more opportunities for studying these faunas in this region. As a result, the following investigation was conducted. The major goal of this research was to investigate the nematode diversity in the Udupi area. The collected nematodes were fixed, dehydrated, and displayed on a glass slide after isolation. Published keys were used to identify the species; there were 2,833 individual nematodes recovered. This collection contained 49 soil nematode species, which were classified into 34 genera and 20 families distributed over seven orders.

The present investigation was carried out with the objective to study the combining ability of parents and hybrids for growth, earliness and yield parameters in bottle gourd. General combining ability effects of parents and sca effects of crosses were highly significant for the characters studied. The parents Bot.G-4, Bot.G-7 and Kolkata Collection are the good general combiners for fruit yield per vine. The line Bot.G-6-2 exhibited significant and maximum gca effects for vine length and number of branches. The line Kolkata Collection showed maximum and significant gca effects for days to first female flower, days to first harvest and sex ratio. Tester Samrat exhibited significant gca effects for vine length, number of branches, nodes up to first female flower, sex ratio and fruit yield per vine. Among crosses, the cross Bot.G-6-2 X Arka Bahar exhibited significant sca effects for vine length and fruit yield per vine. While the cross Bot.G-6-1 X Samrat showed significant sca effects for days to first female flowering and days to first harvest. The cross Bot.G-6 X Samrat exhibited maximum and significant sca effects for nodes up to first female flowering and sex ratio. It is evident that gca or sca effects in parents or hybrids were in desirable for some other traits. Therefore it is important to ascertain the status of parent or hybrid with respective to combining ability effects over a number of component characters.

Ethanol production from corn grain is taken a point of convergence as an alternative fuel development recently. Herein, we studied the production of ethanol from Zea maize L with designing the production plant and optimization process, respectively. As an additional source, the maize grains are processed to a fine flour and then exposed to liquefaction, where the temperature was maintained at 85 ° C for 4 hours. Furthermore, it was exposed to saccharification for 4 hours at 50°C with subsequent refining. The ethanol yield acquired from the process was observed to be 10.6, with the purity of 95%. The distinctive ethanol properties are likewise evaluated with the specific gravity, relative thickness and the refractive index were 0.79, 0.85, and 1.4, respectively.