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Background: Cervical cancer is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among women globally and most common gynaecological cancer in developing countries. Papanicolaou smear study is a simple and cost effective screening test for cervical cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate and interpret the pattern of cervical Pap smear cytology in a tertiary hospital. The interpretation and reporting of the Pap smear is based on 2001 Bethesda system. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in women worldwide. Invasive cervical carcinomas are preceded by a stage in which the abnormal cells are confined to the epithelium (Intraepithelial stage). Women can be routinely screened for intraepithelial stage with cervical cytology smears and hence invasive stage can be prevented by early diagnosis. Cervical cytology smears also an useful tool in aiding the diagnosis of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the cervix. Objectives: To evaluate the cytomorphological spectrum of cervical smears referred to a tertiary hospital. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective observational study. Clinical data and pap smear cytology reports were obtained from the archives during the period of May 2018-May 2019(1 year study). All smears were reported as per "Bethesda system of reporting cervical cytology " 2001. Results : A total of 1241 cases were examined. The age group of patients ranged between 18yrs to 75 yrs. A total of 1203 cases (97%) were reported as Negative for intraepithelial lesions/malignancy, out of which 124 cases(0.1%) showed vaginal candidiasis, 56 cases (0.05%) were reported as Trichomonas vaginalis infection, 321 cases (0.26%) as Bacterial vaginosis, 1 case of HSV infection associated changes, 67 cases(0.05%) were reported as inflammatory smears. 38 cases showed abnormality, out of which 29 cases were of ASC-US,3 cases of LSIL, 3 cases were reported as HSIL, 2 cases as Squamous cell carcinoma and 1 case with adenocarcinoma cervix. Conclusion: Cervical inflammatory lesions (including infections) and neoplastic lesions (includes intraepithelial and epithelial malignancies) can be diagnosed by Cervical cytological smears.

Introduction: Endometrial hyperplasia is a common disease and precursor of endometrial carcinoma. WHO hyperplasia classification system which is unreliable has confusing and overlapping criteria which prompted the development of a system based on Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia (EIN). Objectives: (1) To review Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia.(2) To reclassify WHO classification of endometrial hyperplasia into EIN and non-EIN category and to study the interobserver variability. Materials and Methods: In 102 patients diagnosed as WHO hyperplasia reclassification was done by 2 separate pathologists using EIN criteria 1) Glandular crowding. 2) Cytologic demarcation. 3) Size of the lesion should exceed 1mm. 4) Exclude benign processes 5) Exclude carcinoma. Inter observer variability was studied. Results: Out of 102 cases, 53 (51.96%) cases were earlier diagnosed as simple typical hyperplasia, 12 (11.76%) cases as complex typical hyperplasia, 21 (20.58%) cases as simple atypical hyperplasia and 16 (15.68%) cases as complex atypical hyperplasia. 26% were re-classified as EIN and 64% as non-EIN lesions by first pathologist. Second pathologist reclassified 28% as EIN and 62% as non-EIN lesions. Interobserver variability existed in only 2 cases of complex hyperplasia with atypia reclassified by second pathologist. Conclusion: EIN criteria has less interobserver variability than WHO classified hyperplasia system and can be easily applied to routine haematoxylin and eosin sections. EIN diagnosis prevents the progression to endometrial adenocarcinoma and helps in clinical management which is less intensive than for adenocarcinoma.

Introduction: Secondary thrombocytosis has been identified in many solid tumors including ovarian carcinoma and has a poor prognostic value in many cases. Platelets and Platelet-related factors may contribute to metastasis, invasion and primary tumor growth. Objective: The objective of the present study is to determine the incidence of thrombocytosis in ovarian carcinoma and its importance as a poor prognosticator. Materials and methods: One sixty cases of epithelial ovarian tumors were studied prospectively between the period of October 2010 to June 2012 in the Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore. Other causes of secondary thrombocytosis were excluded from the study. All the data for all the cases were obtained and were statistically analysed by Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Results: One sixty cases were studied in the present study. Mean age in the present study was 43.64 years and the mean age of patients with malignancy was 53.18 years. Majority of the cases were benign (64.3%), followed by malignant (31.3%) and borderline tumors (4.4%). Mean platelet count in the study was 321x10 9 /L, and 80% of malignant cases had thrombocytosis as compared to 42.9% of borderline cases and 5.8% of benign cases, which is highly significant (p=0.0001). Predominant cases of ovarian carcinomas were in stage III (80%) followed by stage IV (17.5%) and stage II (2.5%). Conclusion: Pre-operative secondary thrombocytosis is a frequent finding in ovarian carcinoma and is significantly associated with advanced FIGO stage. The presence of thrombocytosis acts as a poor prognosticator in epithelial ovarian carcinoma.