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Background: Infertility is a stigma in our social environment where 40-50% is due to male infertility. Aim: To evaluate the different patterns of semen abnormalities seen with associated factors. Methods: A prospective study was carried out at the Pathology Laboratory on seminal fluid with male factor as the cause for infertility. Semen samples were analyzed by manual method, using WHO guidelines. Result: Out of 110 samples studied, 74 were Normozoospermia with normal semen parameters and 36 had abnormal semen parameters. Oligoasthenozoospermia was more evident (23), followed by Oligozoospermia (7), Asthenozoospermia (3), Azoospermia (2) and Teratozoospermia (1). Conclusion: Semen analysis remains the cornerstone for evaluating infertility in males. More than the seminal volume given importance; the count, motility and morphology are the most valuable factors of male infertility. Negative lifestyle has a significant impact on semen parameters especially with cigarette smoking and to some extent alcohol consumption.

Introduction: Endometrial hyperplasia is a common disease and precursor of endometrial carcinoma. WHO hyperplasia classification system which is unreliable has confusing and overlapping criteria which prompted the development of a system based on Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia (EIN). Objectives: (1) To review Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia.(2) To reclassify WHO classification of endometrial hyperplasia into EIN and non-EIN category and to study the interobserver variability. Materials and Methods: In 102 patients diagnosed as WHO hyperplasia reclassification was done by 2 separate pathologists using EIN criteria 1) Glandular crowding. 2) Cytologic demarcation. 3) Size of the lesion should exceed 1mm. 4) Exclude benign processes 5) Exclude carcinoma. Inter observer variability was studied. Results: Out of 102 cases, 53 (51.96%) cases were earlier diagnosed as simple typical hyperplasia, 12 (11.76%) cases as complex typical hyperplasia, 21 (20.58%) cases as simple atypical hyperplasia and 16 (15.68%) cases as complex atypical hyperplasia. 26% were re-classified as EIN and 64% as non-EIN lesions by first pathologist. Second pathologist reclassified 28% as EIN and 62% as non-EIN lesions. Interobserver variability existed in only 2 cases of complex hyperplasia with atypia reclassified by second pathologist. Conclusion: EIN criteria has less interobserver variability than WHO classified hyperplasia system and can be easily applied to routine haematoxylin and eosin sections. EIN diagnosis prevents the progression to endometrial adenocarcinoma and helps in clinical management which is less intensive than for adenocarcinoma.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has immensely burdened healthcare. Susceptibility and severity of infection though largely determined by an individual's immunity, age and comorbidities; however, recent literature reported that ABO blood type might be a contributory factor by virtue of its antigenic properties. Objective: To explore the distribution of ABO & Rh blood types in COVID -19 patients and correlate the same with clinical severity and mortality. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted from May 2020 to September 2021 at a tertiary care centre. Data of ABO & Rh blood type of COVID-19 patients admitted to our hospital was collected. Details on severity and mortality was obtained from hospital database. Pearson's chi square test was used to compare categorical data. p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 548 cases were included, with mean age of 48.8 ±7.1 years and male predominance. O positive (45.1%) and A negative (0.7%) were most and least frequently affected respectively. Majority were Rh positive (96.0%). 143 were severely ill requiring intensive care. Among the fifty-six deceased, most belonged to O blood group. No significant association was observed between blood type with severity/mortality. Conclusion: ABO blood type cannot be a pivotal biomarker for predicting COVID-19 associated severity and mortality. With limited literature in this field revealing diverse findings, a definitive association between blood type and COVID-19 is challenging. This may indicate unexplored underlying contributing factors, not necessarily blood group or type of antibodies present.

Background: Tuberculosis is the most common cause of exudative lymphocytic pleural effusion in India. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of intrapleural instillation of streptokinase with pigtail catheter drainage in the treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion.Methods: Clinical profile, hospital course and outcome of tuberculous pleural effusion patients at the end of six months of anti-tubercular treatment of 50 patients from January 2009 to June 2010 were analyzed. These patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group (n=25) received intrapleural streptokinase via pigtail catheter and the other group (n=25) received intercostal drainage without intrapleural streptokinase instillation. All the patients received standard daily anti TB regimen of 2HERZ/4HR for a total duration of six months.Results: Majority of the patients were above 40 years of age (60%). The male to female ratio was 2.3:1. The major symptoms of the patients were, fever in 44 patients (88%), cough in 42 patients (84%), breathlessness in 33 patients (66%), loss of appetite in 25 patients (50%) and chest pain in 25 patients (50%). Most of the patients had ADA levels between 40-70 IU/L (48%) and only 6% had ADA levels below 40 IU/L. The mean pleural drainage was 2615±126.1 ml in the study group (intrapleural streptokinase) and 1858 ± 93.3 ml in the control group (p <0.0001). Mean duration of intercostal drainage in the study group was 3.76 ± 0.144 days and it was 5.08±0.199 days in the control group (p <0.0001). The mean duration of hospitalization in the study group was 6.60±0.91 days and it was 8.60 ± 0.57 days in the control group (p=0.06). Conclusion: Intrapleural streptokinase instillation is successful in increasing the total drainage of pleural fluid and results in effective drainage of tuberculous pleural effusion. It is also associated with increased amount of pleural fluid drainage, decreased duration of intercostal drainage, decreased length of hospital stay.