Coffee consumption appears to have beneficial effects on subclinical inflammation and HDL cholesterol, whereas no changes in glucose metabolism were found in our study. Furthermore, many coffee-derived methylxanthines and caffeic acid metabolites appear to be useful as biomarkers of coffee intake.

OBJECTIVE -To evaluate whether type 2 diabetes at baseline is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -We prospectively followed 51,552 Finnish men and women 25-74 years of age without a history of Parkinson's disease at baseline. History of diabetes and other study parameters were determined at baseline using standardized measurements. Ascertainment of the Parkinson's disease status was based on the nationwide Social Insurance Institution's drug register data. Hazard ratios of incident Parkinson's disease associated with the history of type 2 diabetes were estimated.RESULTS -During a mean follow-up period of 18.0 years, 324 men and 309 women developed incident Parkinson's disease. Age-and study year-adjusted hazard ratios of incident Parkinson's disease among subjects with type 2 diabetes, compared with those without it, were 1.80 (95% CI 1.03-3.15) in men, 1.93 (1.05-3.53) in women, and 1.85 (1.23-2.80) in men and women combined (adjusted also for sex). Further adjustment for BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, education, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, and coffee and tea consumption affected the results only slightly. The multivariate adjusted association between type 2 diabetes and the risk of Parkinson's disease was also confirmed in stratified subgroup analysis.CONCLUSIONS -These data suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Surveillance bias might account for higher rates in diabetes. The mechanism behind this association between diabetes and Parkinson's disease is not known. Diabetes Care 30:842-847, 2007T ype 2 diabetes is one of the fastest growing public health problems worldwide (1), and it is associated with multiple complications. Epidemiological studies have indicated that patients with type 2 diabetes present an excess risk of coronary heart disease compared with individuals without diabetes (2,3). Evidence from prospective epidemiological studies has identified type 2 diabetes as an independent risk factor for multiple hyperglycemia-induced complications virtually in all organs, including neurodegenerative diseases such as diabetic neuropathy (4), stroke (5-8), dementia (9 -11), and Alzheimer's disease (9 -11). However, little is known about the association between diabetes and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Only a few cross-sectional studies and two casecontrol studies have examined the prevalence of diabetes among patients with Parkinson's disease (12-15), and no prospective epidemiological studies have thus far addressed this association. Recently, animal and in vitro studies have shown that insulin dysregulation and changes in insulin action have been concerned in the pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease (16). The aim of this study was to examine whether type 2 diabetes at baseline is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease in a large population-based prospective cohort of Finnish men and women.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -Six independent crosssectional p...

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Several prospective studies have assessed the association between coffee consumption and Parkinson's disease (PD) risk, but the results are inconsistent. We examined the association of coffee and tea consumption with the risk of incident PD among 29,335 Finnish subjects aged 25 to 74 years without a history of PD at baseline. During a mean follow-up of 12.9 years, 102 men and 98 women developed an incident PD. The multivariate-adjusted (age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, education, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, alcohol and tea consumption, and history of diabetes) hazard ratios (HRs) of PD associated with the amount of coffee consumed daily (0, 1-4, and > or = 5 cups) were 1.00, 0.55, and 0.41 (P for trend = 0.063) in men, 1.00, 0.50, and 0.39 (P for trend = 0.073) in women, and 1.00, 0.53, and 0.40 (P for trend = 0.005) in men and women combined (adjusted also for sex), respectively. In both sexes combined, the multivariate-adjusted HRs of PD for subjects drinking > or = 3 cups of tea daily compared with tea nondrinkers was 0.41 (95% CI 0.20-0.83). These results suggest that coffee drinking is associated with a lower risk of PD. More tea drinking is associated with a lower risk of PD.