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Clomiphene citrate (CC) is a nonsteroidal compound and induces ovulation indirectly. The wide usage of the CC raises a question; is it safe or not? In the light of this question, this review aimed to highlight all researches and insights into the association between the use of CC and risk of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, embryotoxicity, teratogenicity and risk of different cancer types. We conducted a MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar search. After a careful screening process of all authors, 32 of these articles were considered as appropriate, and reviewed. Our evaluations showed that CC has genotoxic, cytotoxic, embryotoxic and teratogenic properties. There is no association between the use of CC and risk of ovarian, breast, uterine, cervix, endometrium, lung, colorectal cancer, and lymphoma. However, risk increased especially after 6 cycles of use and especially in nulligravid women. The use of CC should be restricted to 6 cycles. Moreover, malignant melanoma and thyroid cancer risk was found to be higher among CC treated women in almost all studies. Further works should be conducted especially in animal models to assess its risk features.

A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : Self-efficacy and problem solving are the main concepts of nursing and midwifery education. This descriptive study was conducted to identify the students' self-efficacy levels and to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and problem-solving. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : Totally volunteer 251 nursing and midwifery students were participated to the study. Socio-demographic Data Form, the Self-efficacy Scale and the Problem Solving Inventory were used to collect the data. The data was analyzed with the SPSS 15.0 package using Mann-Whitney U, Kruscall Wallis, ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : The students' self-efficacy scores were found to be above mean (87.90 (± SD 12.54)) and problem solving scores were below mean (91.51 (± SD 22.83). No significant difference was found between nursing and midwifery students in terms of their self-efficacy and problem solving levels (p>0.05). However, self-efficacy and problem solving levels of fourth year nursing students who reported that they received problem solving training were significantly higher than the rest of sample (p<0.05). Positive correlation was found between self-efficacy belief and perceived problem solving. Results showed that better problem solving skill, leads to an improved self-efficacy. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : There are mutual effect between the concept of self-efficacy belief and problem solving skill. Further studies are needed to examine the students' characteristics, curriculum, learning environment and teaching strategy in terms of self-efficacy belief and problem solving.

The aim of this study is to develop doxycycline imprinted contact lenses that will be used in the treatment of corneal neovascularization, which can eventually cause blindness. For this purpose, doxycycline imprinted contact lenses were first prepared in two different diameters, 5.7 and 5.8 mm, then they were loaded with doxycycline and their in vitro and in vivo performances were determined. In the synthesis of the contact lenses, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was used as a backbone monomer. The functional monomer was selected as itaconic acid using molecular simulations. Doxycycline release profile of the lenses was determined in NaCl solution at 37 °C. Their doxycycline release was reached about 3 µg/mg contact lenses in 6 hours. Higuchi model was fitted better than the others as a kinetic model. Swelling degrees of the contact lenses were determined as 38.8 %. Cytotoxic response of the lenses was investigated on retinal pigment epithelium cells. According to the results the lenses were not cytotoxic to RPE cell line. In vivo experiments in rat models were performed to study the treatment patterns. The rats were sacrificed fifteen days after treatment, and clinical examination under optical microscope was performed to evaluate neovascularization, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and corneal epithelial changes. In conclusion; doxycycline imprinted contact lenses promise as an effective treatment method for corneal neovascularization.

This study was conducted to determine whether there is a relationship between the selfeffectiveness-efficacy beliefs and problem solving skills of nurses working in the emergency services of hospitals. This research was conducted between June 2017 and March 2018 with the participation of 336 nurses working in the emergency departments of hospitals in Ankara. The Self-Effectiveness-Efficacy Scale and the Problem Solving Skills Inventory were used as data collection tools. It was found that the self-effectiveness-efficacy beliefs of the nurses working in the emergency department were at a moderate level (62.50 ± 9.64), and their problem-solving skills perceptions were quite low (109.31 ± 16.41). In the problem solving inventory, the highest average score was taken from the impetuous approach sub-dimension (32.36 ± 7.05), and it was determined that nurses generally had the perception that they took a hasty approach to events. No difference was found between the age, gender, marital status, number of children, selfeffectiveness-efficacy beliefs and problem solving skills of the nurses, while there was a difference between the type of hospital and education level (P<0.05). According to the findings of the study, as the self-effectiveness-efficacy beliefs of the nurses working in the emergency department increased, their problem solving skills decreased. Since the results of this study differed from those in the literature, it is recommended that detailed and broad research on the self-efficacy beliefs and problemsolving skills of emergency room nurses should be conducted.