Prenatal hypoxia-ischemia to the developing brain has been strongly implicated in the subsequent development of the hypertonic motor deficits of cerebral palsy (CP) in premature and full-term infants who present with neonatal encephalopathy. Despite the enormous impact of CP, there is no animal model that reproduces the hypertonia and motor disturbances of this disorder. We report a rabbit model of in utero placental insufficiency, in which hypertonia is accompanied by marked abnormalities in motor control. Preterm fetuses (67-70% gestation) were subjected to sustained global hypoxia. The dams survived and gave spontaneous birth. At postnatal day 1, the pups that survived were subjected to a battery of neurobehavioral tests developed specifically for these animals, and the tests were videotaped and scored in a masked manner. Newborn pups of hypoxic groups displayed significant impairment in multiple tests of spontaneous locomotion, reflex motor activity, and the coordination of suck and swallow. Increased tone of the limbs at rest and with active flexion and extension were observed in the survivors of the preterm insult.Histopathological studies identified a distinct pattern of acute injury to subcortical motor pathways that involved the basal ganglia and thalamus. Persistent injury to the caudate putamen and thalamus at P1 was significantly correlated with hypertonic motor deficits in the hypoxic group. Antenatal hypoxia-ischemia at preterm gestation results in hypertonia and abnormalities in motor control. These findings provide a unique behavioral model to define mechanisms and sequelae of perinatal brain injury from antenatal hypoxia-ischemia.

Disruption of oligodendrocyte lineage progression is implicated in the white-matter injury that occurs in cerebral palsy. We have previously published a model in rabbits consistent with cerebral palsy. Little is known of normal white-matter development in perinatal rabbits. Using a multidimensional approach, we defined the relationship of oligodendrocyte lineage progression and functional maturation of axons to structural development of selected cerebral white-matter tracts as determined by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Immunohistochemical studies showed that late oligodendrocyte progenitors appear at gestational age 22 [embryonic day 22 (E22)], whereas immature oligodendrocytes appear at E25, and both increase rapidly with time (ϳ13 cells/mm 2 /d) until the onset of myelination. Myelination began at postnatal day 5 (P5) (E36) in the internal capsule (IC) and at P11 in the medial corpus callosum (CC), as determined by localization of sodium channels and myelin basic protein. DTI of the CC and IC showed that fractional anisotropy (FA) increased rapidly between E25 and P1 (E32) (ϳ11% per day) and plateaued (Ͻ5% per day) after the onset of myelination. Postnatal maturation of the compound action potential (CAP) showed a developmental pattern similar to FA, with a rapid rise between E29 and P5 (in the CC, 18% per day) and a slower rise from P5 to P11 (in the CC, Ͻ5% per day). The development of immature oligodendrocytes after E29 coincides with changes in FA and CAP area in both the CC and IC. These findings suggest that developmental expansion of immature oligodendrocytes during the premyelination period may be important in defining structural and functional maturation of the white matter.

Objective-To design a new class of selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors and demonstrate that administration in a rabbit model for cerebral palsy (CP) prevents hypoxiaischemia induced deaths and reduces the number of newborn kits exhibiting signs of CP.Methods-We used a novel computer-based drug design method called fragment hopping to identify new chemical entities, synthesized them, carried out in vitro enzyme inhibition studies with the three isozymes of NOS and in vivo experiments to monitor cardiovascular effects on pregnant rabbit dams, NOS activity and NO x concentration in fetal brain, and assess neurobehavioral effects on kits born to saline-and compound treated dams.Results-The computer-based design led to the development of powerful and highly selective compounds for inhibition of nNOS over the other isozymes. Following maternal administration in a rabbit model of CP, these compounds were found to distribute to fetal brain, to be non-toxic, without cardiovascular effects, inhibit fetal brain NOS activity in vivo, reduce NO concentration in fetal brain, and dramatically ameliorate deaths and number of newborn kits exhibiting signs of CP.Interpretation-This approach may lead to new preventive strategies for cerebral palsy.Cerebral palsy is one of the most severe consequences of hypoxia-ischemia (HI) before birth and is common in premature infants, with 750,000 persons affected in the USA1. It has one of the highest indices of disease burden with direct effects on individual, family, and social * Correspondence to Richard B. Silverman at the Department of Chemistry (Email: Agman@chem.northwestern.edu). § Current address: Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptAnn Neurol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 February 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript institutions (annual cost $8.2 billion2) that last the entire lifetime. There is no known treatment to protect the fetus from hypoxic brain injury leading to cerebral palsy3, despite a reduction in the mortality of high-risk infants 4. Prenatal or fetal HI brain injury has been strongly implicated in the subsequent development of cerebral palsy in premature5 and fullterm infants6 , 7.Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) comprises a family of enzymes that produces nitric oxide (NO), including neuronal (nNOS), macrophage or inducible (iNOS), and endothelial (eNOS) isozymes. Neuronal NOS knockout neonatal animals are protected from focal HI-induced histopathological brain damage8; elimination of nNOS neurons prior to HI also confers resistance to focal HI-induced histopathological brain damage9. Focal HI-induced histopathological brain damage and locomotor deficits in iNOS knockout animals also are reduced10; however, the expression of nNOS, but not iNOS, is increased dramatically after cerebral HI in the newborn rat11. NO generated by eNOS plays an important role in ma...

Reactive oxygen species play an important role in pathogenesis of a variety of pathological processes, e.g., ischemia-reperfusion, acute viral infections, thermal injury, hepatic diseases, and acute lung injury. Xanthine oxidase (XO) may be a significant source of these cytotoxic oxygen species. We tested the hypothesis that hepatic ischemia-reperfusion releases xanthine dehydrogenase + XO (XDH + XO) into the circulation and that circulating XO damages isolated perfused lung. Isolated liver + lung preparation was perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer to minimize confounding effects of circulating neutrophils. In one group, livers were rendered globally ischemic for 2 h and then reperfused (I/R). In another group, livers were pretreated with allopurinol and perfused with buffer containing additional allopurinol (I/R + Allo). After 2 h of ischemia, an isolated lung was connected to liver, and liver + lung preparation was reperfused in series for 15 min. Liver reperfusion was terminated, and lung was recirculated with liver effluent for 45 min. Capillary filtration coefficient (ml.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g lung dry wt-1) was 2.0 +/- 0.3 and 1.9 +/- 0.4 in control and I/R + Allo lungs, respectively, and 9.0 +/- 1.2 in I/R lungs (P < 0.001). Lung wet-to-dry weight ratio in control and I/R + Allo lungs was 8.6 +/- 0.3 and 9.1 +/- 0.5, respectively, and 14.9 +/- 1.1 in I/R lungs (P < 0.01). Control and I/R + Allo bronchoalveolar lavage protein content was < 1.0 mg/ml compared with 32.6 +/- 8.4 mg/ml in I/R group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)