The present study demonstrates that the both BCoV and GARV are involved in the neonatal calves' diarrhea, where the frequency of BCoV is clearly higher than that of GARV.

The aims of this study were to investigate the chemical composition, in-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation. The GC-MS/GC-FID was used for determination of essential oil composition. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay and reducing power. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method against six enteropathogens bacteria isolated from diarrhea of young calves. The results of the study revealed an average yield of the essential oil of 11.6% ± 0.97 (w/w). About 65 components were identified and quantified. Eugenol was the major compound of the studied essential oil (78.72%) followed by β-caryophyllene (8.82%) and eugenyl acetate (8.74%). The antioxidant activity by DPPH assay showed IC50 value of 4.82 ± 0.06 × 10 −2 µg/mL, while the reducing power assay have resulted an EC50 value of 3.47 ± 0.2 × 10 −2 µg/mL. The results showed that the essential oil exhibited an MIC at 1.36 mg/mL to 2.72 mg/ml and MBC at 5.45 mg/mL to 10.9 mg/mL against all tested bacteria. The present investigation revealed that Syzygium aromaticum essential oil exhibited a good in-vitro antioxidant and moderate in-vitro antibacterial activities.

Tick control is a priority in order to prevent the transmission of vector-borne diseases. Industrial chemical acaricides and repellents have been the most efficient tools against hard ticks for a long time. However, the appearance of resistances has meant the declining effectiveness of the chemicals available on the market. The trend today is to develop alternative control methods using natural products to replace nonefficient pesticides and to preserve the efficient ones, hoping to delay resistance development. Traditional in vitro evaluation of acaricidal activity or resistance to synthetic pesticides have been reviewed and they mainly focus on just one species, the one host tick (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)). Recent reports have called for the standardization of natural product components, extraction techniques, and experimental design to fully discover their acaricidal potential. This study reviews the main variables used in the bibliography about the efficiency of natural products against ticks, and it proposes a unification of variables relating to ticks, practical development of bioassays, and estimation of ixodicidal activity.

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