The title quassinoid compound, C20H24O9·CH3OH·2H2O, is a natural eurycomanone isolated from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. The mol­ecules contain a fused five-ring system, with one tetra­hydro­furan ring adopting an envelope conformation, one tetra­hydro­pyran-2-one ring in a screw boat conformation, one cyclo­hexenone ring in a half-chair conformation and two cyclo­hexane rings in chair conformations. Intra­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions generate S(5) ring motifs and an O—H⋯O inter­action generates an S(7) ring motif. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via inter­molecular O—H⋯O inter­actions along the b axis and further stacked along a axis. The absolute configuration of the title compound was inferred from previously solved structures of its analogues.

Clitoria ternatea (Butterfly pea) is a tropical medicinal and fodder legume from the Fabaceae family possessing various beneficial phytochemical compounds linked to the mammalian neuroprotective mechanism. Callus and cell suspension cultures are excellent alternatives for harnessing secondary metabolites from medicinal plants. The current study aims to induce callus from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of C. ternatea for the establishment of cell suspension cultures. Cotyledon and hypocotyl explants from two-weeks-old seedlings were subjected to half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at different concentrations (0.5 mg/L to 2.5 mg/L) and callus scoring and morphology were assessed at week 8 of culture. Results revealed that the treatment of 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D resulted in the highest percentage of callus induction (100%) and the highest callus scoring for both cotyledon and hypocotyl explants with friable callus morphology. Cotyledon explants exhibited a higher callus scoring with a relative value of 3.03 ± 0.20 compared to hypocotyl explants at 1.80 ± 0.12. This study thereby provides a basis for future studies on callus induction studies and the establishment of cell suspension cultures of C. ternatea for the production of valuable secondary metabolites linked to the memory enhancing properties of the plant.

Nowadays, digital technology has been increasingly ubiquitous, particularly in teaching pedagogy. Digital technology-based teaching has the potential to significantly increase the students’ learning outcomes as well as their critical thinking and problem-solving skills. As a result, the Ministry of Education has initiated, supported, and promoted the incorporation of information and communications technology (ICT) into educational policy, as well as infusing classrooms with digital learning tools and resources. The Ministry of Education believes that implementing ICT into teaching and learning processes could assist and improve educational standards. However, due to some barriers, ICT integration in teaching has not yet been effectively adopted in Malaysia’s secondary schools. The aim of this study was to analyze and rank the factors that impede the implementation of ICT in urban and rural secondary schools using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach. A t-test analysis is also carried out to determine the significant difference between factors from both urban and rural areas. The finding shows that there is no significant difference between factors from areas. The new mean values have been computed for each factor in order to determine the new ranking for each factor. The workload, lack of accessibility and network connection, and lack of support assistance are the top three factors that impede the ICT adoption in secondary schools in Kedah according to the new mean values obtained. In contrast, a lack of confidence has the least impact factor in this issue, accounting for only 3.5% of the total.