Uniform velocity distribution can be obtained within a very short distance from the outlet of the nozzle.Heat and mass transfer near the meniscus can be remarkably activated comparedwith a conventional straight type immersion nozzle without swirl.Swirl helps the superheat in the melt dissipate,Penetration depth of nozz[e outlet flow is decreased remarkably by the application of swirling.Those findings mentioned above are very useful to control the flow pattern in the biliet and bloom continuous casters,

In the stee [-making processes, it is well known that suspendednon-metallic inclusions can be removed by Ar gas bubbles injected in the steel baths. This study aims to remove the inclusions through a bubble accumulated zone (namely, bubble curtain)

With increasing amount of sliding-gate-opening, the distance downstreamfrom the gate to the step, that is necessary for the contact-pressure to be positive on the contact-part, becomeswider. Over some opening amount, the contact pressure is always positive under the condition that a dimensionless step width (ratio of step-width to inner-diameter of nozzle) is over O.1 5.From the above-mentioned issues, it is found possible to prevent the air suction from all around the contact-part between the SGand SEN using the SEN with the step beneath the sliding gate.

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