This meta-analytical study aimed to examine the effectiveness of reality therapy in enhancing students learning motivation and discipline. Seven experimental studies were selected as the sample of the study using the purposive sampling technique. These selected studies reported the effect of reality therapy on learning motivation and discipline. The analysis was done using pre-post contrast meta-analysis. The calculation result showed a weighted mean effect score of 2.818. The mean effect size score is the parameter that represents effective contribution. This positive score indicates that the post-test score is higher than the pre-test score. Accordingly, it could be concluded that reality therapy is effective for enhancing learning motivation and discipline. The present study contributes to the body of knowledge related to reality counseling, which can be used as a reference for guidance and counseling services at the university level to help students overcome their problems related to learning motivation and learning discipline.

The success of counseling is influenced by the ability of the counselor to implement it. Among the basic abilities of a counselor are mind skills. These help the counselor to construct and control their thoughts in providing excellent counseling services to the counselee. This research employed a cross-sectional survey design with an ex post-facto quantitative approach, which was intended to determine the level of mind skills of students of the Guidance and Counseling Department. The population of this research was the students of the Guidance and Counseling Department, with a total of 114 students. Proportionate random sampling was employed, and a counselor mind skills scale was used to collect the data. The results showed that the students had what can be considered ‘good’ skills in relation to mind skills. Thus, it is necessary to strive to further internalize and optimize the mind skills in the counseling class. Keywords: mind skills, counselor, counseling

AbstrakPersoalan bias gender menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan, seperti marginalisasi, subordinasi, stereotip, beban kerja, dan kekerasan. Pergeseran paradigma dalam konseling yang semula berorientasi pada intrapsikis bergeser ke arah ekstrapsikis yang akan mempengaruhi keadaan emosional dan phisik lebih baik, membawa implikasi mendasar pada pelaksanaan konseling. Artikel ini melakukan kajian pandangan gender, khususnya feminis, pada kasus kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. PENDAHULUANPerbedaan jenis kelamin tidak dapat dipungkiri membawa peran dan fungsi berbeda. Pemahaman tentang gender dan seks berimplikasi pada perilaku masyarakat terhadap relasi gender, tetapi yang lebih mendasar adalah munculnya bias gender dalam konstruksi sosial masyarakat yang menempatkan peran gender secara tidak setara. Ketidaksetaraan ini dipengaruhi oleh stereotype yang terbangun dalam masyarakat sehingga memunculkan ketimpangan relasi gender. Pembagian kerja berdasarkan gender masih menempatkan posisi dan peran perempuan dalam sektor domestik, kalaupun perempuan memiliki kesempatan untuk berkarir di ruang publik maka perempuan harus mampu eksis secara optimal di tempat kerja maupun sebagai ibu rumah tangga. Pada saat itu perempuan memiliki beban ganda (double burden), di satu sisi mereka perlu berusaha sendiri tetapi di sisi lain dituntut lebih konsisten untuk mengasuh anak dan mengurus keluarga (Nasarudin Umar, 2001).Laki-laki dianggap lebih leluasa melakukan kegiatan produktif, disamping karena mereka (laki-laki) terbebas dari fungsi-fungsi reproduktif seperti menstruasi, mengandung, melahirkan, menyusui, juga karena budaya masyarakat menuntut laki-laki berperan lebih besar di sektor non-keluarga (non family role obligations). Budaya patriarkhi memiliki kontribusi yang cukup kuat dalam mengembangkan bias gender. Handayani dan Sugiarti (2002) mengemukakan bahwa selain hegemoni patriarkhi atas ketidakseimbangan gender juga disebabkan oleh sistem kapitalis yang berlaku, yaitu siapapun yang memiliki modal besar/kuat maka dialah yang menang, kondisi ini dapat dianalogikan bahwa lakilaki yang dilambangkan lebih kuat daripada perempuan akan mempunyai peran dan fungsi yang lebih besar.

In the last decade, the problem of child sexual violence is very prevalent, therefore the need for the application of sex education in elementary school children. This is done to provide knowledge about sex education that is tailored to the stage of child development and to avoid the danger of predators of violence and sexual abuse. Providing knowledge about sex education will be better if there are supporting media in its delivery. Regarding the good media in teaching sex education to elementary school children there are currently two namely electronic and print media. Although there are two media to introduce sex education, but they have not shown maximum results, both media have their advantages and disadvantages. This paper aims to review the literature in the delivery of sex education in elementary schools using electronic and print media. The results or reviews in this discussion are expected to provide information that can be used as a theoretical and methodological basis for further research in the use of sex education delivery media for elementary students.