Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) allow innovative applications and involve non-conventional models for the design of procedures owing to some limitations. Due to the necessity for low device complication and low consumption of energy, an appropriate equilibrium among communication and signal processing abilities should be instituted. This stimulates an enormous effort in research actions, standardisation procedure, as well as manufacturing investments on this aspect since the preceding years. Therefore, this chapter aims at presenting a summary of WSNs machineries, foremost applications and values, structures in WSNs project, and the developments drawn from some evidence and meta-data-based survey and assessments. Precisely, some applications, such as those based on ecological monitoring, and design approaches that emphasise a real implementation are discussed briefly. The trends and conceivable developments are outlined. Emphasis is given to "the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 technology" that enables several applications of WSNs. Hence, it is anticipated that this chapter would serve as an introductory aspect on the applications and challenges of WSNs for persons interested in WSNs.
This study analyzes the performance of the synthetic storm technique (SST) over the Nigerian climate. The location of interest was 9.91°N, 8.88°. Two months rain rate time-series data measured by a rain gauge located inside the University of Jos, Nigeria was utilized for the purpose of this work. The analysis is based on the time-series seasonal variation of rain statistics. Comparison was made between the SST model and measured values at 12.519 GHz for signal downlink from NIGCOMSAT-1R satellite. From results obtained, we observe peak predicted rain attenuation by SST model was 4.06dB with a minimum of 0dB for the month of June while the peak rain attenuation for July was 6.92dB. It can be observed that the SST predicts closely with measured rainfall values. However, disparities exist between the calculated attenuation and the measured values for a few rainfall events. The SST model performance was satisfactory for the period under observation.
This research explains how to design and plan fixed wireless access connections in an urban setting using 5th generation (5G) technology in a multi-user urban scenario. Although the antennas used had a high gain, the 28 GHz carrier frequency proved incompatible with the connections due to path loss. The additional loss due to foliage led to a drop in the receiver sensitivity to -84 dBm. The loss due to weather conditions resulted in lower received signal strength. The lower frequency of 3.5 GHz performed better and is recommended to establish successful communication over multi-kilometer distances. As a result, this study demonstrates how vulnerable high 5G carrier frequencies are to typical path loss impairments.
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