Many plant species simultaneously interact with multiple symbionts, which can, but do not always, generate synergistic benefits for their host. We ask if plant life history (i.e. annual vs perennial) can play an important role in the outcomes of the tripartite symbiosis of legumes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and rhizobia.We performed a meta-analysis of 88 studies examining outcomes of legume-AMF-rhizobia interactions on plant and microbial growth.Perennial legumes associating with AMF and rhizobia grew larger than expected based on their response to either symbiont alone (i.e. their response to co-inoculation was synergistic). By contrast, annual legume growth with co-inoculation did not differ from additive expectations. AMF and rhizobia differentially increased phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) tissue concentration. Rhizobium nodulation increased with mycorrhizal fungi inoculation, but mycorrhizal fungi colonization did not increase with rhizobium inoculation. Microbial responses to co-infection were significantly correlated with synergisms in plant growth.Our work supports a balanced plant stoichiometry mechanism for synergistic benefits. We find that synergisms are in part driven by reinvestment in complementary symbionts, and that time-lags in realizing benefits of reinvestment may limit synergisms in annuals. Optimization of microbiome composition to maximize synergisms may be critical to productivity, particularly for perennial legumes.

RESUMO A mudança no uso da terra, aliada às práticas de manejo, contribui para as alterações entre as entradas e saídas de carbono do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica do carbono no solo em ecossistemas nativos e plantações florestais de Santa Catarina. O trabalho foi conduzido entre os meses de fevereiro e maio de 2007. As áreas avaliadas foram: Campo Nativo (CN); Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM); Reflorestamento de Eucalipto (RE) e Pinus (RP). Foram analisados os estoques de carbono, carbono na biomassa microbiana (CBM); respiração basal do solo (RBS) e quocientes microbiano e metabólico (qMic e qCO2). As maiores concentrações de carbono foram encontradas na FOM e no CN, e os atributos bioquímicos indicam que o CN e a FOM possuem a melhor capacidade de armazenar carbono no solo, entre todos os sistemas de uso da terra analisados. Nos reflorestamentos de Eucalipto e Pinus, os altos índices de RBS, qCO2 e as baixas concentrações de CBM sugerem que esses sistemas de uso da terra perdem mais CO2 para atmosfera do que os ambientes nativos.

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