The origin of successive cambia, the occurrence of more than one type of cambium, and parenchyma proliferation are features shared by I. arborescens with its climbing ancestors as a strategy for survival in the harsh environment of tropical deciduous forests.
Architecture and leaf anatomy of the Polypodium plesiosorum sensu Moran complex (Polypodiaceae). The Polypodium plesisorum complex is a heterogeneous morphology group. We studied leaf architecture and anatomy of 12 species of this group, in addition to other 23 species of Polypodium (P. dulce, P. polypodioides and P. vulgare complex sensu Moran) and related genera (Goniophlebium, Phlebodium, Pleopeltis, Serpocaulon, Synammia), for comparative purposes. Two homogeneous groups of species were established in P. plesiosorum complex. One of them is recognized based on the type of anastomosis of the veins (Type III): Polypodium conterminans (originally considered in the group of P. dulce with free venation by Moran), P. hispidulum, P. plesiosorum and P. rhodopleuron. The second group with Polypodium arcanum, P. castaneum, P. colpodes, P. eatonii, and P. flagellare were recognized based on the type of anastomosis of the veins (Type IV) and how vascular strands fuse along the petiole-leaf rachis. Characters studied helped to group the remaining species with other groups outside the complex under study. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (3): 955-976. Epub 2010 September 01.
Resumen: Tagetes lucida (pericón), T. lunulata (cinco llagas) y T. micrantha (anisillo), especies utilizadas como recurso terapéutico tradicional en el municipio Nicolás Romero, Estado de México, se estudiaron con la fi nalidad de aportar información a la farmacopea herbolaria de México. El trabajo etnobotánico se llevó a cabo por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas a la población en general y para el estudio morfo-anatómico se recolectaron ejemplares en campo. Los tallos y hojas se cortaron a mano alzada y con un micrótomo de rotación y los cortes se tiñeron con safranina-verde rápido. Las especies se reconocieron para tratar dolor de estómago y diarrea, como tranquilizantes y para contrarrestar los cólicos menstruales. La manera frecuente de prepararlas es en infusión. El análisis morfológico mostró que los caracteres que más contribuyen para diferenciar entre especies son los relacionados con la arquitectura foliar. Anatómicamente las especies se distinguen por los tricomas, el arreglo y número de los cordones vasculares del mesofi lo en la hoja y por el arreglo del córtex y del esclerénquima en el tallo. Se incluye una clave basada en caracteres morfo-anatómicos. Palabras clave: anatomía vegetal, anisillo, Asteraceae, cinco llagas, herbolaria mexicana, pericón, plantas medicinales, Tagetes lucida, Tagetes lunulata, Tagetes micrantha. Abstract:Tagetes lucida (pericón), T. lunulata (cinco llagas), and T. micrantha (anisillo), traditionally used as therapeutic resource in the locality of Nicolas Romero, Estado de México, were studied in order to provide information to the herbal pharmacopoeia of Mexico. Ethnobotanical work was conducted through semi-structured interviews to the general population and for morpho-anatomical research, fi eld specimens were collected. The stems and leaves were sectioned by free hand and by using a rotary microtome and stained with safranin-fast green. The interviews showed that the species are used to treat stomach ache and diarrhea, as a relaxing agent, and to relieve menstrual cramps. The most common way to prepare them is as a tea. The morphological analysis showed that vegetative characters that provide more information to differentiate among species are related to the leaf architecture. Anatomically, the distinctive features are trichomes, distribution and number of vascular strands in the leaf mesophyll, and distribution of the cortex and sclerenchyma in the stem. This work also includes a key based on morphological and anatomical characters.
BOTÁNICA ESTRUCTURALeneralmente el epifitismo se entiende como una relación inocua entre dos especies, para la que se describe una trama ecológica compleja que mantiene la diversidad biológica en un equilibrio interactivo (Benzing, 1990;Waechter, 1998). Sin embargo, se ha reportado que la sobrepoblación de Tillandsia recurvata L. sobre las ramas de Parkinsonia praecox es causa de modificaciones en la arquitectura y el crecimiento de individuos en esta especie Resumen: El crecimiento de Tillandsia recurvata sobre las ramas de Prosopis laevigata parece causar varios grados de daño. El o b j e t ivo de este trabajo fue estudiar y comparar los posibles cambios anatómicos en la corteza del fo ro fito provocados por la i n t e ra c c i ó n con la epifita. En la corteza carente de la epifita se distinguen floema no colapsado y floema colapsado, córtex y peridermis, semejante a lo descrito para otras especies de leguminosas. La fijación de T. recurvata en la corteza de P. laevigata provoca diferentes respuestas en su estructura anatómica, afectando diferentes tejidos. Los cambios se manifiestan por la formación de súber de reacción y de células con contenido obscuro, probablemente de naturaleza fenólica y como barrera química al establecimiento de enfermedades. Cuando la fijación de la epifita es mayor, se observan diferentes grados de invaginación que pueden llegar a la madera y alterar su patrón típico, es decir, causar una reducción en el número y diámetro de los vasos. El impacto que la epifita causa sobre el forofito puede favorecer el ataque de patógenos en los tejidos de los hospederos. Abstract:The growth of Tillandsia recurvata on Prosopis laevigata branches seems to cause various degrees of damage. In this study the possible anatomical modifications in the bark of the phorophyte P. laevigata caused by the epiphyte T. recurvata are studied. When the epiphyte has not yet established, the bark of P. laevigata displays the typical distinctive non-collapsed and collapsed phloem, cortex and periderm similar to those described for other leguminous species. However, once T. recurvata is established on P. laevigata branches there are modifications in various tissues: the occurrence of a wound periderm and the occlusion of cortex and collapsed phloem cells with dark extractives as a chemical barrier for defence against infections. When the epiphyte has been vigorously attached for a long time to the bark, the damage is deeper in the tissues, thus affecting the wood. The most notorious change in the wood is related to a different distribution of secondary xylem cells and a reduction in the number and diameter of vessels. The impact of the epiphyte in the phorophyte may favor the occurrence of pathogen attacks in the phorophyte tissues.
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