Nucleosides are biosynthesized from metabolites that are at key nodes of intermediary metabolism. Therefore, (13)C labeling patterns in nucleosides from ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in suitably designed isotopic tracer studies provide information on metabolic flux distributions of proliferating cells. Here, we present a gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS)-based approach that permits one to exploit that potential. In order to elucidate positional isotopomers of nucleosides from RNA and DNA, we screened the fragmentation spectra of their trimethylsilyl derivatives. We identified the molecular ion moieties retained in the respective fragment ions, focusing particularly on the carbon backbone. Nucleosides fragmented at the N-glycosidic bond provide nucleobase and/or ribose or 2'-deoxyribose fragment ions and fragments thereof. Nucleoside fragments composed of the nucleobase plus some carbons of the ribose ring were also observed. In total, we unequivocally assigned 31 fragments. The mass-isotopic distribution of the assigned fragments provides valuable information for later (13)C metabolic flux analysis as indicated by a labeling experiment applying [1-(13)C]glucose in a yeast culture.
. This work reports a practical case based on the use of microwave-assisted derivatization and GC-MS for the analysis of glucose. Using two different methods for derivatization, one reference compound and the calculated dipole moment, all the isomers of glucose were identified. Identification was corroborated for the assignment of structures using the mass spectra. With this work, students are expected to associate different types of information to solve the complex problem of the analysis of glucose.Keywords: glucose; mass spectrometry; microwave derivatization. INTRODUÇÃOOs hidratos de carbono, sacarídeos, açúcares ou glicídios são compostos de fórmula empírica geral C n (H 2 O) n . De origem natural, são sintetizados pelas plantas no processo da fotossíntese, encontram-se naturalmente em diversos alimentos tais como a fruta, o leite, o mel, o grão, diversos cereais e, evidentemente, na cana-de-açúcar. Devido a sua larga presença em produtos naturais, e sendo que fazem parte da cadeia nutritiva de animais e humanos, eles são incorporados através de diversos processos bioquímicos nos organismos superiores. Essas características fazem aumentar sua expressão e dispersão pelos mais variados contextos, aumentando a importância do desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos, que permitam determinar, identificar e quantificar os açúcares presentes numa determinada matriz. 1No que se refere à identificação e quantificação de compostos orgânicos, as técnicas cromatográficas gasosas hifenadas com a espectrometria de massas são ferramentas de eleição, mas, no caso particular da análise de glicídios, revelam-se pouco úteis. A análise desses compostos através dessas técnicas é dificultada porque, sendo os glicídios e os seus derivados compostos polihidroxilados, apresentam elevada polaridade, baixa volatilidade e ausência de grupos cromóforos. A baixa volatilidade impede a análise direta por cromatografia de gases (CG) e a ausência de cromóforos dificulta a análise recorrendo à cromatografia líquida (CL), já que esses cromatógrafos estão habitualmente equipados com detectores de UV-Vis. Para realizar a análise de açúcares utilizando cromatografia líquida poderia utilizar-se um detector de índice de refracção, detector amperométrico pulsado ou recorrer a espectrometria de massas.2,3 Assim, ou se recorre a equipamentos menos usuais, mais dispendiosos e com menor capacidade de resolução ou se modificam as propriedades dos glicídios de modo a poder realizar a análise com os sistemas cromatográficos mais comuns num laboratório de análise tal como a cromatografia de gás.A derivatização de açúcares permite a modificação dos grupos funcionais da molécula, aumentando a sua volatilidade, diminuindo a polaridade e melhorando a sua estabilidade. O aumento da volatilidade pela derivatização do analíto no cromatógrafo de gases melhora a resposta do detector e aumenta a eficiência na separação dos picos cromatográficos. Assim, uma apropriada derivatização permitirá a sua análise por CG-EM, uma das mais importantes técnicas analíticas disponíve...
We present a feasible method to produce coated papers with long-lasting presence of natural active compounds. First, the composition of essential oils from Eucalyptus globulus was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealing high proportions of eucalyptol (73 %) and α-pinene (15 %) in the case of the leaves, and sesquiterpenoids like globulol and epiglobulol (55 %) for the wood essential oil. These compounds were incorporated onto paper sheets by conventional coating processes, using surface starch as binder. Nonetheless, the main source of novelty lies in the functionalization of starch with β-cyclodextrin by two-step esterification, resulting in enhanced binding capabilities. Release to air was evaluated by headspace-solid phase microextraction, using a divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber, whose adsorbates were analyzed by GC-MS. One week after coating a paper sheet with native starch and essential oil from E. globulus, terpineol, eucalyptol and pinene were below the limit of detection. The insertion of cyclodextrin moieties improved the protection of the most volatile active compounds from fast evaporation. Likewise, cyclodextrin units enhanced the preservation of antioxidant activity, but the weak scavenging potential of E. globulus essential oils was the limiting factor. In this sense, promising results were obtained by replacing said essential oil with hydroxytyrosol.
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