Dihydroactinidiolide (1) and a mixture of sterols [campesterol (2), stigmasterol (3) and β-sitosterol (4)], together with the previously isolated individual compounds β-sitosterol (4), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (5), α-tocopherol (6), phytol (7) were isolated from the active ethyl acetate fraction of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. (Cactaceae) leaves. Cytotoxic activities of the above mentioned compounds against five human carcinoma cell lines, namely the human nasopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma cell line (KB), human cervical carcinoma cell line (CasKi), human colon carcinoma cell line (HCT 116), human hormone-dependent breast carcinoma cell line (MCF7) and human lung carcinoma cell line (A549); and non-cancer human fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) were investigated. Compound 5 possessed very remarkable cytotoxic activity against KB cells, with an IC50 value of 0.81µg/mL. This is the first report on the cytotoxic activities of the compounds isolated from Pereskia bleo.

Problem statement: About 32 extracts from eight selected medicinal plants, namely Pereskia bleo, Pereskia grandifolia, Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., Curcuma zedoria, Curcuma mangga, Curcuma inodora aff. Blatter, Zingiber officinale var. officinale (jahe gajah) and Zingiber officinale var. rubrum (jahe emprit) used by Malaysia traditional health care systems were screened for their antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria using agar disc diffusion assay. Approach: The efficacy of the extracts was compared to the commercially prepared antibiotic diffusion discs. Results: No inhibition was observed with the water fractions. Conclusion/Recommendations: None of the plants tested showed inhibition against Escherichia coli. Curcuma mangga showed some remarked inhibition against the bacteria used in this study.

Problem statement: It is well documented that lead is one of contaminants of industrial wastewaters and its pollution exists in the wastewater of many industries. As a result, recent research has focused on the development of cost effective alternatives using various natural sources and industrial wastes. In this setting, the use of low-cost agricultural materials, waste and residues for recovering heavy metals from contaminated industrial effluent has emerged as a potential alternative method to high cost adsorbents. In the present study, adsorption of lead(II) ions onto Orange Peel (OP), a typical agricultural byproduct, was investigated systematically with the variation in the parameters of pH, sorbent dosage, contact time and the initial concentration of adsorbate. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to analyze the equilibrium data. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were also calculated to describe the adsorption mechanism. Approach: The Orange Peel (OP) was obtained from a local market in the south of Jordan. The orange peel was cut into small pieces using scissors. Then OP was dried at 100°C for 24 h using hot air oven. Qualitative analyses of the main functional groups involved in metal adsorption were performed using a Fourier transformed infrared spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer FTIR 1605, ¨Uberlingen, Germany). Biosorption experiments were carried out in a thermostatic shaker at 180 rpm and at an ambient temperature (20±2°C) using 250 mL shaking flasks containing 100 mL of different concentrations and initial pH values of Pb(II) solutions, prepared from reagent grade salt Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (Merck). The initial pH values of the solutions were previously adjusted with 0.1 M HNO 3 or NaOH and measured using a hand held pH meters (315i/SET). The sorbent (0.2-1.0 g) was added to each flask and then the flasks were sealed up to prevent change of volume of the solution during the experiments. After shaking the flasks for predetermined time intervals, the samples were withdrawn from the flasks and filtered through a Whatman filter paper. The filtrate was analyzed by AAS (Perkin Elmer Analyst 300). Results: Four kinetic models are the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion equations, were selected to interpret the adsorption data. Kinetic parameters such as the rate constants, equilibrium adsorption capacities and related correlation coefficients, for each kinetic model were calculated and discussed. The linear Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to describe equilibrium isotherms and both models fitted well. The monolayer adsorption capacity was found as 21.1 mg g −1 at pH 6 and 20°C.The dimensionless separation factor (R L ) has shown that orange peel can be used for removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The nagative free energy of adsorption indicated that the adsorption of lead (II) ions onto orange peel was feasible and spontaneous. Conclusion: The sorption capacity of the orange peel is comparable to the other available adsorbents and it is quite c...

A series of diorganotin complexes with Schiff base ligands, (E)-N′-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthohydrazide, H 2 L1, and (E)-N′-(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthohydrazide, H 2 L2, were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1 H, 13 C and 119 Sn NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structures of the complexes, [(5-bromo-2-oxidobenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2naphthohydrazidato]di(o-chlorobenzyl)tin(IV) 6 and [(5-chloro-2-oxidobenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthohydrazidato]dibutyltin(IV) 9, were determined through single-crystal X-ray diffraction and revealed a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal configuration. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the Schiff bases and their diorganotin complexes was also evaluated against several human carcinoma cell lines, namely HT29 (human colon carcinoma cell line), SKOV-3 (human ovarian cancer cell line), MCF7 (hormone-dependent breast carcinoma cell line) and MRC5 (non-cancer human fibroblast cell line). [(5-Bromo-2-oxidobenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthohydrazidato]dibutyltin(IV) 2 and [(5-bromo-2-oxidobenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthohydrazidato]dibenzyltin(IV) 5 were the most active diorganotin complexes of H 2 L1 ligand. Among the diorganotin complexes of H 2 L2 ligand, [(5-chloro-2-oxidobenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthohydrazidato] dicyclohexyltin(IV) 11 showed good cytotoxic activity against all the tested cell lines. As such, the above compounds can be considered agents with potential anticancer activities, and can therefore be investigated further in in vitro or in vivo anticancer studies.