This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in bovine milk, their antibiogram phenotype, and the carriage of antibiotic resistance genes. Raw bovine milk samples (n = 100) were randomly collected from different suppliers in the northwest of Iran. Antibiotic-resistant patterns and the presence of antibiotic resistance genes were evaluated in the isolates. Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. were isolated from 78%, 47%, 25%, and 21% of samples, respectively. All isolates showed high rates of resistance to amoxicillin, penicillin, and cefalexin. The blaTEM and blaSHV genes were detected in 50.0% and 6.4% of E. coli isolates, respectively. Also, 28.5% and 19.0% of Salmonella isolates were positive for blaTEM and blaSHV. The frequency of mecA and blaZ in S. aureus isolates was 20.0% and 12.0%, respectively. The high prevalence of bovine milk contamination with antimicrobial-resistant species in this study necessitates precise control on antibiotic prescription in veterinary medicine.

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The summary statement from the Workshop on Asymptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism did not recommend bisphosphonate therapy because of "limited data."(1) We would suggest that there are bone mineral density (BMD) data supporting such a role from four trials, including two randomized trials, comprising a total of 119 postmenopausal women and 24 older men (Table 1). In the two randomized studies in 66 women, BMD increased in lumbar spine by 3.7-5% in the alendronate group versus no change (0-0.2%) in the placebo group.(2,3) At the femoral neck, BMD also increased in the alendronate group (2-4.2%) versus a slight loss (0.3-0.4%) in the placebo group.(2,3) Similar positive effects of alendronate were reported from nonrandomized studies that were comprised of 53 postmenopausal women and 24 older men.(4,5) Radial BMD did not change significantly, (2,4,5) and none of the studies showed any sustained clinically significant changes in serum calcium or parathyroid hormone (PTH).On the basis of these studies, we propose that bisphosphonate therapy be considered to improve BMD in those patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who are being followed with observation rather than having them undergo definitive therapy by surgery.