The low-cost feedstocks such as sesame (sesamum indicum) and jatropha (jatropha curcas) seed oils were utilized to optimize the yield of alkyd resins. The experimentally selected input factors ranges in the molar ratios of oil:glycerol (0.3 – 1), phythalic anhydride: glycerol (1 – 3), and catalyst (0.5–1.5 wt. %) for optimization were established using the response surface methodology (RSM) of Box Behken model to improve the alkyd resin yield factors. The optimization solution utilizing CaCO3 catalysts, and a combination of other process factors evaluated, as well as the corresponding desirability functions, was found using analysis of variance (ANOVA) results for refined sesame alkyd resin (RSAR) and refined jatropha alkyd resin (RJAR). The RSAR optimization using a CaCO3 concentration of 1.5 wt. % at a molar ratios of oil:glycerol (1.0:1.0) and phythalic anhydride:glycerol (3.0:1.0), while the RJAR at a similar catalyst concentration of 1.5 wt. %, molar ratio of oil:glycerol (1.0:1.0), and phythalic anhydride:glycrol (2.8:1.0) were observed for the alkyd resin optimization for the two processes. At these reaction conditions, the predicted and experimental biodiesel yield were 48.26 % and 47.29 % for RSAR and 62.07 % and 61.61 % for RJAR, respectively which shows less than 0.5% variations in both cases.

Using calcium oxide-based catalyst, optimization of two-stage trans-esterification processes at a fixed catalyst (1.0 wt. %) and molar ratio (1:6) was achieved. Processes were tested on Jatropha, Sweet Almond and Sesame seed oils to produce and compare biodiesel yields. An optimization solution of speed (629.630 rpm), temperature (26.661 oC), and time (60 min) resulted in an 83.304% for refined jatropha biodiesel (RJB) production, with an overall attractiveness of 0.853. The expected optimal yield rates of 86.915–90% obtained from various models were higher than the ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214 standards, which both required an experimental range of 46–55 % in conventional biodiesel production. The effects of speed and temperature on biodiesel yield from the refined jatropha oil (RJO), refined sweet almond oil (RSAO), and refined sesame oil (RSO) were major parameters that greatly influenced the yield, although time only changed the yield moderately.

The inedibility of delonix regia and theventia peruviana seeds represents a significant waste of resources. The physicochemical properties of underutilized seed oils after refinement were studied using Association of Officials of Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 1990) techniques in this study. The refined theventia peruviana oil (RTPO) has a yield of  40.55 %, but its long alkyd resin (LTPOAR) has iodine value of 80.12 (gI2/100g), viscosity 24.17 (30o C, m2/s), saponification value of 177.04 (mg/KOH/100g), and acid value of 9.53 (mg/KOH/g), while refined delonix regia oil (RFBO) has a yield of 52.71 %, with its long alky resin (LDROAR) having iodine value of 133.87 (gI2/100g), viscosity 21.15 (30o C, m2/s), saponification value of 266.42 (mg/KOH/100g), and acid value of 5.71 (mg/KOH/g). For both TPOAR and DROAR, six grades of alkyds were created at 25 % (short), 40 % (medium), and 60 % (long) oil lengths. The acid values of the aliquots for the reaction mixture at various time intervals were used to track the reaction's progress. At the initial stage of the reaction, the extent of reaction (% Pav) ranged from 78.5 to 80.8 %, indicating a significant degree of conversion. The average degree of polymerization (Dp) of the alkyds ranged from 1.03 to 5.20, indicating the synthesis of high molecular weight alkyds. The alkyd films were acid, brine, and water resistant, but not alkali resistant. All alkyd resins were characterized with surface drying and solubility times and were found to be around 2 hours in respect of the 60% oil length.

The trans-esterification processes of refined waste groundnut oil (WGO) and sunflower oil (WSO) was optimized using calcium oxide produced from three different animal bones after incineration and characterization. The bone samples were crushed and calcined at 600 oC into fine powders with particulate dimension size of 49 nm. The calcined bones such as, calcined fish bone (CFB), calcine cow bone (CCB), and calcined chicken bone (CCHB) were characterized using the transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Brunnar Emmet Teller (BET), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques.The powdered calcium oxide (CaO) was obtained from the waste animal bones to produced methyl ester (FAMEs). The effect of the catalyst dosage ratio on the physicochemical properties such as, yield, specific gravity, density, kinematic viscosity, and acid values of the produced biodiesel were studied and evaluated. The analysis of results using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS software) showed maximum catalyst dosage and yield for groundnut-based biodiesel (GNB) with CCB at 3.0 wt.% with yield 95.0 % followed by sunflower based biodiesel (SFB) with CCB 4.0 wt. % with yield 95.0 %. The best optimal trans-esterification reaction conditions were a 1:6 molar ratio of oil to methanol, 1 hour reaction period, a 333 K reaction temperature, stirring rate of 1000 rpm, and 3-4 wt. % CaO catalyst loading. This study revealed that waste cooking oils and the obtained calcium oxide were good sources of raw materials that canenhance optimal production of biodiesel that meet the American standards for testing materials ASTM requirements.