Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) has ability to convert insoluble form of phosphorous to an available form. Applications of PSB as inoculants increase the phosphorus uptake by plant in the agriculture field. In this study, isolation and identification of PSB were carried out in Indian agriculture field (Nainital region, Uttarakhand). A total of 8 phosphate solubilizing bacterial colonies were isolated on the Pikovskaya’s (PKV) agar medium, containing insoluble tricalcium phosphate (TCP). The colonies showed clear halo zones around the bacterial growth were considered as phosphate solubilizers. Out of 8 bacterial isolates, 3 isolates showed high phosphate solubilization index (PSI) ranged from 4.88 ± 0.69 to 4.48 ± 0.30, lower pH ranging 3.08 ± 0.08 to 3.82 ± 0.12 and high phosphate solubilization varied from 305.49 ± 10 μg/ml to 277.72 ± 1.45 μg/ml, were selected for further characterization. Based on the 16 S rRNA gene sequence analysis A4 isolate and H6 isolate were closely related to Alcaligenes aquatilis (99%), and C1 isolate was closely related to Burkholderia cepacia (99%). In addition, pot examination also showed the greatest efficiency in promotion of maize growth compared to uninoculated plant. Isolated PSB were able to produce different organic acids (such as gluconic acids, formic acid, and citric acid) in the culture supernatant and may consider as the principle mechanism for phosphate solubilization. This study clearly indicates that A4, C1 and H6 isolates may use as a biofertilizers in ecological agricultural systems instead of synthetic chemicals and may help to sustain environmental health and soil productivity.

The current case was positive for CD103, CD11c, CD25, and CD123 which has led the diagnosis to be of typical HCL. With the extensive literature review we found that only 26 cases of hairy cell leukemia [HCL and HCL-v] bearing CD5 expression have been reported so far. The positivity of CD5 is more common in HCL-v as compared to HCL. Additional prospective studies of CD5+ HCL and its variants are required to show whether they are a clinically significant subgroup of lymphoid malignancies. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.

The hippocampal formation is responsible for memory processing, learning, spatial navigation, and emotions. It includes the indusium griseum, longitudinal striae, gyrus fasciolaris, hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis, dentate gyrus, and subiculum) and part of the uncus. The hippocampus has the archipallial cortex and is formed by the infoldings of the dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis and subiculum. The dentate gyrus is a narrow crenated strip of grey matter. The dentate gyrus consists of three layers, from the outside in: the molecular layer, granular layer, and polymorphic layer. The granular neurons receive input from the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal cortex) via the perforant pathway. The granular neurons send mossy fibers to the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells present in the cornu ammonis.The axons of hippocampal pyramidal cells form a sheet of white fibers known as the alveus which continues as fimbria and fornix. The fornix projects into the septal area. From the 2 septal area few fibers synapse into the cingulate gyrus which returns to the hippocampus. The neuronal intrinsic circuit, known as the Papez circuit of the hippocampus, plays a crucial role in the memory processing.

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The cerebral hemisphere consists of five lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and limbic lobe. Each cerebral hemisphere shows superomedial, inferior, and medial surfaces separated by superomedial, inferomedial, and inferolateral borders. The superolateral surface shows the central sulcus that separates the pre-central and post-central gyri. The parietal lobe is divided by the interparietal sulcus into supra-parietal and infra-parietal lobes. The occipital lobe contains the primary visual area surrounded by peristriate and parastriate areas. The temporal lobe is divided into superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri. The superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus is occupied by the primary and secondary speech areas. The medial surface shows C-shaped corpus callosum, cingulate gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, cuneus, precuneus, cingulate sulcus and paracentral lobule. The orbital part of the inferior surface shows H-shaped orbital sulcus, olfactory sulcus, and olfactory gyrus. Broca's motor speech area is present in the dominant hemisphere at the inferior frontal gyrus.Wernicke's speech area is present in supramarginal and angular gyri. The cerebral hemisphere is mainly supplied by anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries.Understanding the anatomy of the cerebral cortex is critical to recognize the site of lesion in cerebral ischemia.