Future studies that focus on developing interventions and examine the factors that predict resilience could help build resilience, which in turn may improve rehabilitation outcomes.

Objectives: To provide discussion on (a) the construct of resilience in relation to people with traumatic injuries, (b) potential research directions, and (c) reliable and valid measures of resilience. Conclusions: Resilience as a construct is part of the "positive psychology" movement that focuses on identifying the strengths of an individual when faced with adversity rather than on his or her weaknesses (e.g., depression, anxiety). Although a universal definition does not exist, resilience is generally considered a multidimensional construct consisting of behaviors, thoughts, and actions, which can be learned overtime. Consequently, there is a growing body of literature examining resilience in different populations (e.g., children, older adults). However, there is a paucity of literature examining the resilience of individuals who have experienced a traumatic injury. Potentially, resilience and rehabilitation is a very fruitful line of research due to the extreme adversity individuals are faced with postinjury when dealing with the trauma of the injury and resultant impairments.

ObjectivesTo (1) determine if wearing a cloth face mask significantly affected exercise performance and associated physiological responses, and (2) describe perceptual measures of effort and participants’ experiences while wearing a face mask during a maximal treadmill test.MethodsRandomised controlled trial of healthy adults aged 18–29 years. Participants completed two (with and without a cloth face mask) maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) on a treadmill following the Bruce protocol. Blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, exertion and shortness of breath were measured. Descriptive data and physical activity history were collected pretrial; perceptions of wearing face masks and experiential data were gathered immediately following the masked trial.ResultsThe final sample included 31 adults (age=23.2±3.1 years; 14 women/17 men). Data indicated that wearing a cloth face mask led to a significant reduction in exercise time (−01:39±01:19 min/sec, p<0.001), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (−818±552 mL/min, p<0.001), minute ventilation (−45.2±20.3 L/min), maximal heart rate (−8.4±17.0 beats per minute, p<0.01) and increased dyspnoea (1.7±2.9, p<0.001). Our data also suggest that differences in SpO2 and rating of perceived exertion existed between the different stages of the CPET as participant’s exercise intensity increased. No significant differences were found between conditions after the 7-minute recovery period.ConclusionCloth face masks led to a 14% reduction in exercise time and 29% decrease in VO2max, attributed to perceived discomfort associated with mask-wearing. Compared with no mask, participants reported feeling increasingly short of breath and claustrophobic at higher exercise intensities while wearing a cloth face mask. Coaches, trainers and athletes should consider modifying the frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise when wearing a cloth face mask.

This is the first study to examine perceived injustice in a trauma sample. Results support the presence of injustice perception in this group and its associations with pain and quality of life outcomes. Additional research is suggested to explore the impact of perceived injustice on recovery outcomes among individuals who have sustained traumatic injury.

As research has shown increased disturbances in psychosocial states following a brain injury as well as higher rates of depression, results have important implications for individuals involved in rehabilitation, as physical activity can positively influence mood.