1. E i n l e i t u n g.1 Es ist ein schon seit Längerem bekannter Zug einiger ost- und südaukštaitischer Dialekte des Litauischen, dass sie Langformen der 3. Person des Konjunktivs (auch Konditional, Irrealis oder Optativ genannt) neben entsprechenden Kurzformen zeigen:2 So begegnen z. B. im ostaukštaitischen Inseldialekt von Lazūnai (wruss. Lazduny, heutiges Weißrussland) Formen des Typs 3 cond. dúotų neben solchen des Typs 3 cond. dúot.3 Diese Erscheinung zeigt sich in neuerer Zeit im Wesentlichen auf östliches ostaukštaitisches und südaukštaitisches Gebiet beschränkt,4 ist aber historisch auch für den Rest des litauischen Sprachgebiets – d. i. das Westaukštaitische und das Žemaitische – nachzuweisen.5 Die Langformen des Typs dúotų, btų, die heute in der Standardsprache alleinige Geltung beanspruchen, entsprechen insofern der sprachhistorischen Erwartung, als sie das dem Konjunktiv zugrundeliegende Supinum direkt lautlich fortsetzen: 3 cond. lit. dúotų, btų, lett. duôtu, bûtu < sup. urbsl. *ˈdṓ-tuñ, *ˈb-tuñ (vgl. aksl. datъ, bytъ, apr. dātun, būton). Im Gegensatz hierzu sind Kurzformen wie dúot, bt unerwartet; ihnen fehlt das für den Konjunktiv und das Supinum eigentlich charakteristische auslautende -ų, das normalerweise im Sprachsystem erhalten ist, wie Formen des Typs acc. sg. m. snų, gen. pl. m./f. balt, pron. pers. 1 pl. gen. msų, pron. pers. 2 pl. gen. jsų zeigen.6
Zusammenfassung The unexpected i instead of expected *e in the first syllable of Latin wordforms such as nisi, nimis, nihil, mihi, tibi and sibi has until now been explained in various ways either from vowel assimilation of original *e to the i of the second syllable or from clitic weakening of the words. This article aims at giving a common mechanical explanation for all of these words by posing a new sound law according to which original *e in Latin becomes i in initial open syllables followed by a syllable which originally contained the vowel ẹ̄ as the result from monophthongisation of the diphthongs *ei̯, *oi̯or *ai̯(< *h₂ei̯) in second syllable position. For this purpose, the article reconstructs the history of the abovementioned explanations - especially the vowel assimilation theory which goes back to an early article by Sommer -, tries to falsify them by critically examining the evidence adduced for proving them, and eventually derives the new sound law from parts of the original evidence of the falsified explanations, and by making use of additional evidence.
This article explores a typologically unusual but recurrent evolutionary path of innovated future formations neglected by typological research: the change of predicative deverbal nouns (understood here in the broad sense of any deverbal nominal expression/formation) – namely agent nouns and participles – denoting actions typical of referents to future verb-forms via hypoanalysis. Starting with an overview of typologically recurrent ways of creating new future formations, the article seeks to demonstrate that the l-future found in the three Nuristani languages Nuristani Kalasha, Ashkun and Katë developed from active participles designating actions typical of their referents. As a typological parallel of this development the Vedic Sanskrit tā́-future is established, and it is shown by the example of the English will + infinitive future and the futurate use of Russian perfective non-past verb-forms how the change of predicative deverbal nouns denoting actions typical of referents to future verb-forms is brought about by means of hypoanalysis.
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