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QR codes, developed by a Japanese company, have been around for over fifteen years. With the advent of smart and Web capable mobile devices, we witness a steady growth of interesting commercial applications using QR codes. As the movement of using QR codes in education is still in its infancy, this paper serves to be one of the first comprehensive papers in journal publication to fully delineate (a) the user characteristics of QR codes, (b) the processes of making and reading QR codes, (c) the survey of commercial applications using QR codes, (d) the literature review of educational applications using QR codes, and (e) offer suggestions and implementations of QR codes in school education.

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Ubiquitous devices offer new teaching and learning opportunities from K-12 to higher education settings. The integration of mobile facilities and Web technologies allows researchers and educators to explore different possibilities in m-Learning. In this study, a group of pre-service IT teachers in Hong Kong were introduced to the field of m-Learning by participating in a series of m-Learning activities. Three applications were designed and programmed with XTHML-MP/ WAP 2.0 technologies and supported by server-side Web technologies of PHP and MySQL. The research aimed at providing the opportunities for the teachers to explore this new trend in teaching and learning and to find out their acceptance of this approach.

A topography of mobile learning and the author's research work in the three phases of mobile learning are delineated in this paper. The aim is to provide the diachronic summary of the author as well as other researchers in these three phases of mobile learning namely the focus on devices, learning outside classroom and the mobility of learners. The research covers in many domains of mobile learning. A brief discussion on the salient characteristics of mobile learning and the issues will be provided. Hopefully, the experience learnt can be valuable for other researchers in the field. Index Terms-Mobile learning, XTHML-MP on WAP phones, SMS with GSM modems, QR-Codes with smartphones.