Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are reported to exert prophylactic and acute therapeutic effects in diseases linked to endothelial dysfunction. In the present study, the consequences of a PUFA enrichment of endothelial cells (cell line TIME) on cell viability, expression of the cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), synthesis of the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and production of the coagulation factors plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), von Willebrand factor (vWF), and tissue factor (TF) was analyzed in parallel. PUFA of both the n3 and the n6 family were investigated in a physiologically relevant concentration of 15 µM, and experiments were performed in both the presence and the absence of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Supplementation of the culture medium with particular fatty acids was found to have a promoting effect on cellular production of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, and MCP-1. Further on, PUFA treatment in the absence of a stimulant diminished the percentage of endothelial cells positive for ICAM-1, and adversely affected the stimulation-induced upregulation of VCAM-1. Cell viability and production of coagulation factors were not or only marginally affected by supplemented fatty acids. Altogether, the data indicate that PUFA of either family are only partially able to counterbalance the destructive consequences of an endothelial dysfunction.
In sepsis, endothelial dysfunction is a crucial driver known to limit the survival rate of affected patients. For this, ROS-mediated signaling plays an important role in endothelial communication and functionality. In the management of sepsis, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have received increasing attention regarding their anti-inflammatory potential neglecting the oxidative properties of these substances. Therefore, in the present study we examined the capacity of PUFA to interfere with the expression of major ROS-producing enzymes, as well as endothelial ROS production itself. The human microvascular endothelial cells TIME (ATCC number: CRL-4025) were used. Cells were cultured in medium enriched with LNA (C18:3n3), EPA (C20:5n3), DHA (C22:6n3), LA (C18:2n6), or AA (C20:4n6) in concentrations of 15 μM totaling 144 h. Stimulation of cells was performed in the last 24 h of fatty acid supplementation by addition of the cytokines TNF-α + IL-1β + IFN-γ (5 ng/ml each). Gene expression of eNOS, COX-2, and NOX-4 was evaluated by qPCR. ROS synthesis was analyzed by means of a flow cytometry-based rhodamine 123 assay. Cytokine stimulation was found to differentially affect gene expression of major ROS synthesizing enzymes: eNOS was decreased whereas COX-2 and NOX-4 were increased. As a consequence, cytokine stimulation had no effect on rhodamine accumulation in endothelial cells. PUFA supplementation alone did not affect the gene expression of eNOS, COX-2, and NOX-4. Nevertheless, an increasing action of PUFA on the stimulation-induced reduction in eNOS expression was found. More importantly, the number of rhodamine positive endothelial cells almost doubled following enrichment with the PUFA EPA, DHA or AA. This effect was independent of the stimulation status of the cells but seemed to be related to the number of double bonds of a supplemented fatty acid. Our data warrant further studies to ensure that increased endothelial cell oxidative stress is not boosted by PUFA in septic patients.
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die Strahlentherapie ist ein integraler Bestandteil in den meisten modernen multimodalen Tumortherapiekonzepten sowohl in kurativen als auch in palliativen Therapiesituationen. Dies gilt auch für viele Tumorentitäten im allgemein- und viszeralchirurgischen Bereich. Dabei kann es zu neuen Herausforderungen im Rahmen des klinischen Alltags und der interdisziplinären Tumorkonferenzen kommen. Ziel Praxisrelevanter Überblick, basierend auf selektiven Referenzen der aktuellen medizinisch-wissenschaftlichen Literatur und gewonnenen klinischen Alltagserfahrungen, für den onkologisch tätigen Chirurgen über strahlentherapeutische Therapieoptionen bei viszeralmedizinischen Tumoren mit dem Fokus auf die viszeralonkologischen Tumoren wie Rektumkarzinom, Ösophaguskarzinom, Analkarzinom und Lebermetastasen Methode Es wird eine narrative Übersicht präsentiert. Ergebnisse (selektive Eckpunkte) In ausgewählten Fällen ist es beispielsweise möglich, dass im Rahmen neuer Konzepte beim Rektumkarzinom ein derart gutes Ansprechen erreicht wird, dass unter engmaschiger Kontrolle eine Resektion vermieden werden kann. Beim Ösophaguskarzinom gilt die neoadjuvante Radiochemotherapie mit anschließender Resektion bei allen geeigneten Patienten als Therapieregime der Wahl. Sollte eine Operation nicht infrage kommen, so steht mit der definitiven Radiochemotherapie, insbesondere bei einem Plattenepithelkarzinom, eine gute Alternative zur Verfügung. Beim Analkarzinom bleibt auch im Licht neuster Erkenntnisse die primär definitive Radiochemotherapie als strahlentherapeutische Therapie der Wahl. Lebertumoren können mithilfe der stereotaktischen Strahlentherapie lokal abladiert werden. Mit der Leberstereotaxie ist ein hoch wirksames Mittel mit geringer Nebenwirkungsrate verfügbar. Schlussfolgerung Auch vor dem Hintergrund der jüngsten Studien bleibt die enge Zusammenarbeit der Disziplinen im Rahmen der Tumortherapie essenziell zur bestmöglichen Therapie der betroffenen Patienten.
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