BackgroundAlthough international scientific research on health issues has been dealing with the problem of aggression and violence towards those employed in health care, research activities in Germany are still at an early stage. In view of this, the aim of this study was to examine the frequency and consequences of aggressive behaviour towards nurses and health care workers in different health sectors in Germany and to assess the need for preventive measures.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional retrospective survey. Nurses and health care workers from two nursing homes, a psychiatric clinic and a workshop for people with disabilities were interviewed using a standardised questionnaire. The sample covered 123 individuals (response rate 38.8%). The survey assessed the frequency, the type and the consequences of aggressive behaviour, and social support in connection with coping with aggression in the workplace. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for putative risk factors which may influence the stress induced by aggression at the workplace were calculated using conditional logistic regression.ResultsDuring the previous twelve months 70.7% of the respondents experienced physical and 89.4% verbal aggression. Physical aggression more frequently occurred in nursing homes (83.9% of the employees) and verbal aggression was more common in the psychiatric clinic (96.7% of the employees). The proportion of the individuals affected in the workshop for people with disabilities was lower (41.9% and 77.4% respectively). The incidents impaired the physical (55%) and emotional well-being (77.2%) of the employees. The frequency of incidents (weekly: OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.1-6.4) combined with the lack of social support (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.2-6.6) increased the probability of higher stress due to aggression.ConclusionsThis study corroborates previous reports of frequent physical and verbal aggression towards care workers in the various areas of health care. The present study highlights differences between various areas of health care in Germany and the aggravating effect of prevention neglect such as missing social support at the workplace. Therefore our data suggest the need for improved target group specific prevention of aggressive incidents towards care workers and the need for effective aftercare in Germany.

Animals are often assumed to use highly conspicuous features of a goal to head directly to that goal ('beaconing'). In the field it is generally assumed that flowers serve as beacons to guide pollinators. Artificial hummingbird feeders are coloured red to serve a similar function. However, anecdotal reports suggest that hummingbirds return to feeder locations in the absence of the feeder (and thus the beacon). Here we test these reports for the first time in the field, using the natural territories of hummingbirds and manipulating flowers on a scale that is ecologically relevant to the birds. We compared the predictions from two distinct hypotheses as to how hummingbirds might use the visual features of rewards: the distant beacon hypothesis and the local cue hypothesis. In two field experiments, we found no evidence that rufous hummingbirds used a distant visual beacon to guide them to a rewarded location. In no case did birds abandon their approach to the goal location from a distance; rather they demonstrated remarkable accuracy of navigation by approaching to within about 70 cm of a rewarded flower's original location. Proximity varied depending on the size of the training flower: birds flew closer to a previously rewarded location if it had been previously signalled with a small beacon. Additionally, when provided with a beacon at a new location, birds did not fly directly to the new beacon. Taken together, we believe these data demonstrate that these hummingbirds depend little on visual characteristics to beacon to rewarded locations, but rather that they encode surrounding landmarks in order to reach the goal and then use the visual features of the goal as confirmation that they have arrived at the correct location.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by multiple disruptions in the everyday lives of families. Previous research has underlined the negative impact of the pandemic on stress among parents and identified factors related to heightened levels of stress. Yet, several potential stressors have not been taken into account. Moreover, little is known about how general and pandemic-related stressors impacted help-seeking intentions for personal or family problems. Methods: We recruited N = 602 parents and their children (n = 101) for a cross-sectional online survey on parent, child and family well-being, stress and help need after the first wave of COVID-19 infections in Germany. Data were analysed using multinomial regression analyses to predict family help need, taking into account pre-pandemic help-seeking. Results: Parents showed high levels of stress, which were associated with pre-pandemic mental health, family functioning, pandemic related worries about finances, household workload and health worries. While 76.2% of families reported no during-pandemic help need, 11.3% reported a help need before and during the pandemic and 12.5% of families without prior help needs reported a new help need during the pandemic. Conclusions: The results of the present study underline the need for help service providers to adapt their offers.

Big data sets can be cumbersome and difficult to understand. User-centered and interactive graphical displays help communicate messages from large and complex data as well as provide a new method to identify data trends outside of tabular or statistical analysis. Human factors researchers can utilize data visuals to not only develop but also answer questions that previously proved difficult through visual exploration. This approach is especially relevant to the field of surface transportation research where complex plots can incorporate both temporal and geospatial data in an easy-to-digest format. As a proof of concept, this paper demonstrates how bike-sharing and historical bicycle collision incidents can meaningfully merge to produce graphical displays that readily identify and communicate potential infrastructure problems for safety. Through the use of Bayesian modeling and geospatial mapping, our analysis identifies two primary trends worth further consideration and research to consider for cyclist safety in Chicago.

Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Infolge einschneidender Veränderungen des Familienalltags aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie äußert eine Mehrheit der Eltern in Deutschland Unterstützungsbedarf im Umgang mit ihren Kindern. Kinder und Jugendliche wiederum sind im Jahr 2020 unter den Maßnahmen zur Infektionseindämmung erhöhten psychischen Belastungen und Risiken ausgesetzt. Das Multi-Familien-Programm „Familien (achtsam) stärken“ zielt auf die Prävention von Suchtstörungen und anderen psychischen Erkrankungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen ab und stärkt die Familienfunktionalität. Aufgrund der Pandemie ist das Programm im Jahr 2020 digital adaptiert worden. Ziel: Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Inanspruchnahme für dieses Präventionsangebot zu explorieren und mit der Inanspruchnahme für die vor der Pandemie durchgeführte Präsenzvariante zu vergleichen. Methode: Dabei werden Anmeldezahlen, Studienabbruchraten und Abbruchgründe im Zeitraum von August 2020 bis März 2021 (während der Pandemie) und August 2019 bis März 2020 (vor der Pandemie) deskriptiv ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Während der Pandemie stiegen die Anmeldezahlen um 8,17 %. Die Studienabbruchrate ist gesunken. Die häufigsten Abbruchgründe sind Bedenken hinsichtlich der digitalen Durchführung, intrafamiliäre Probleme oder Krankheit und nachlassendes Interesse. Schlussfolgerung: Digitale Präventionsprogramme stellen ein relevantes und zukunftsfähiges Hilfsangebot für Familien dar, wobei mögliche Hürden für die Inanspruchnahme beachtet werden sollten.