An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) for ochratoxin A (OTA)
The performance of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) based on a monoclonal antibody (mAb) for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection was evaluated in a comparative study with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis using 68 freshly harvested coffee samples from the North of Paraná State, Brazil. The anti-OTA mAb showed high specificity and low cross-reactivity with OTA analogues (OTB and OTalpha), but cross-reacted with OTC. This ic-ELISA showed a detection limit of 3.75 ngg-1 sample, when compared to 0.80 ngg-1 by HPLC, with an ic-ELISA/HPLC correlation coefficient of 0.90. As regards OTA analysis of these coffee samples, natural contamination was detected in 10 samples (14.7%) by both methods, where the ic-ELISA values (range 3.9-7.3 ngg-1) were 1.1 to 1.6-fold higher than HPLC data (2.7-4.7 ngg-1). Five samples (7.4%) were OTA positive (range 0.84-1.30 ngg-1) only by HPLC assay, probably due to the higher detection limit reached by ic-ELISA. OTA was undetectable in 53 samples (77.9%) by both methods, while all positive samples (range 0.84-7.30 ngg-1) showed OTA levels lower than 8 ngg-1 (maximum limit recommended by the European Union). The matrix interference of green coffee was minimized by dilution of sample extracts before carrying out the ELISA assay. This mAb-based ic-ELISA can be effectively applied for OTA screening in coffee, because it is simple, sensitive and sample preparation is easy.
A cafeicultura brasileira se destaca no mercado interno e comércio exterior, com ênfase a contaminação fúngica e ocratoxina A (OTA). A cafeína destaca-se entre os componentes naturais de defesa capazes de inibir produção de micotoxinas em café, inclusive a ocratoxina A (OTA), que vem constituindo num dos tópicos primordiais no controle de qualidade no mundo globalizado. Considerando que a garantia de matéria prima através de técnicas moleculares apresenta sérias barreiras na segurança alimentar, o constante monitoramento de toxinas ainda constitui opção para solução imediata do problema. As desvantagens inerentes à metodologia analítica química estimularam o emprego de imunoensaio "enzyme linked immunosorbent assay" (ELISA) e colunas de imunoafinidade como alternativas promissoras na detecção de OTA em alimentos. Visando garantir a qualidade de café sob o tópico de segurança alimentar, a revisão discerne sobre cafeína como componente de defesa natural de planta, aliado a métodos simples de elevada sensibilidade, indispensáveis no diagnóstico rápido de ocratoxinas a nível de campo.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of partially purified Fusarium verticillioides fumonisins (FB) on the specific humoral response in mice infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Four groups of male Swiss mice were used (total 44 mice): infected (Pb), treated (FB), infected and treated (Pb/FB) and uninfected and untreated (PBS). Groups Pb and Pb/FB were inoculated i.v. with 1x105 Pb yeast cells (strain Pb18) and, after 28 days, groups FB and Pb/FB were inoculated (s.c.) with partially purified FB from F. verticillioides (5x2.25 mg FB/kg body weight). After 7 days, the plasma levels of total IgG and anti-gp43 IgG (specific antibody) were analysed by immunoenzyme assay (ELISA). The total IgG level was higher in groups Pb, FB and Pb/FB than in PBS (P<0.05) and the anti-gp43 IgG level was raised in groups Pb and Pb/FB, but a significant result was obtained only in Pb/FB, relative to the other groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, FB or other components of F. verticillioides extracts significantly increase the specific antibody response in male Swiss mice infected with Pb.
ResumoAflatoxina B 1 (AFB 1 ) é uma micotoxina classificada pela International Agency for Research on Cancer -IARC no Grupo 1 (carcinógeno ao humano), responsável pelo perigo de contaminação em ampla variedade de alimento e ração, cujo monitoramento depende de metodologia analítica precisa e exata. O trabalho objetivou no cultivo do hibridoma secretor de anticorpo monoclonal (AcM) específico para AFB 1 visando desenvolvimento de métodos imunoquímicos. Hibridoma AF2 foi cultivado em meio RPMI + 15 % de soro fetal bovino (SFB), assim como o mesmo meio com adição gradual de meio H-SFM (25, 50, 75 e 100 % H-SFM). A concentração proteica obtida no sobrenadante de cultura variou de 1,80 a 10,88 mg/mL. A introdução de meio sintético H-SFM isento de SFB permitiu obtenção de reagente com maior pureza e menor perigo, já que cultivos com maior proporção de H-SFM apresentou menor teor proteico (2,29 mg/mL em 100 % de H-SFM), sendo este provavelmente próximo ao teor real de AcM puro. O ensaio imunoenzimático competitivo indireto (ic-ELISA) e eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida com SDS (SDS-PAGE) demonstraram atividade antiAFB 1 e bandas correspondentes ao IgG, respectivamente, indicando viabilidade da aplicação de AcM produzido em 100, 75 e 50 % H-SFM para o desenvolvimento de bioferramentas para detecção de AFB 1 . Esta produção de AcM abre perspectiva perante autossuficiência de reagentes essenciais no diagnóstico rápido em condição nacional, contribuindo na qualidade e segurança de alimentos.
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