This study has evaluated the action of flavonoid hesperidin on the neurotoxic effects caused by the intake of iron (Fe) in Drosophila melanogaster. Male adult flies, aged 1-3 days, have been divided into four groups of 50 each: (1) control, (2) Hsd 10 μM, (3) Fe 20 mM (4) Hsd 10 μM + Fe 20 mM. During the exposure protocol, the flies have been exposed to a diet containing Hsd and/or Fe for 48 h. The survival and behavioral analyses have been carried out in vivo, and ex vivo. The analyses involved acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and Fe levels in the flies' heads and bodies and determination of dopaminergic levels, cellular and mitochondrial viability, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reactive species levels (RS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and contents of total thiols and non-proteic thiols (NPSH) in the flies' heads. A significant negative correlation between Fe levels in the head of the flies and the survival, dopamine levels and antioxidant enzymes in the head of the flies has been found. Additionally, significant positive correlation between Fe levels in the head of the flies with negative geotaxis RS and AChE activity in the head of the flies has been found. It demonstrates that the flies which had higher levels of Fe in their heads have demonstrated more susceptibility to neurotoxicity. An important result from our study is that Hsd treatment promotes a decrease in Fe concentration in the head, restores dopamine levels and cholinergic activity of the flies and improves motor function caused by Fe. Hsd also ameliorates Fe induced mortality, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of Hsd and it suggests that flavonoid acts in different ways to protect against the Parkinson disease caused by Fe exposure such as the direct scavenging of RS and activation of antioxidant enzymes.

AlCl-acute exposure reduces vascular reactivity. This effect is associated with increased NO production, probably acting on K channels, which seems to occur as a compensatory mechanism against Al-induced oxidative stress. Our results suggest that Al exerts toxic effects to the vascular system.

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A deficiência de zinco (Zn) no solo e plantas e seu baixo estado nutricional na população estimulam estudos sobre enriquecimento de produtos agrícolas. A cenoura tem potencial para o enriquecimento, pois é um vegetal comumente consumido. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as fontes de Zn (ZnO, ZnSO 4 ou ZnEDTA) e a dose (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg dm -3 ) aplicadas no solo a fim de aumentar a concentração do mineral na parte comestível da cenoura. ZnSO 4 foi mais adequado para esse papel, porque apresentou maior acúmulo com o aumento da dose de tratamento. A melhor dose foi 19,45 mg dm -3 de ZnSO 4, a qual apresentou maior teor de Zn nas cenouras. Além disso, este tratamento aumentou o teor de Zn na raiz em 7 vezes comparado com o controle. O baixo custo da produção de cenouras enriquecidas com Zn as torna uma hortaliça potencial para a redução da deficiência deste micronutriente na nutrição populacional. Palavras-chave:Daucus carota L.; enriquecimento; deficiência nutricional; micronutriente. ABSTRACT RESUMO Mineral enrichment in carrot with different sources and doses of zinc 1Zinc (Zn) deficiency in soil and plants and its low nutritional status in the population encourage studies on enrichment of agricultural products. Carrot has potential to enrichment because it is a commonly consumed vegetable. The objective of this study was to evaluate Zn sources (ZnO, ZnSO 4 , or ZnEDTA) and doses (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg dm -3 ) applied to the soil to increase the concentration of this mineral in the carrot edible part. Zinc sulfate was the most suitable source for this role because it had a higher accumulation with the increase of treatment dose. The best dose was 19.45 mg dm -3 of ZnSO 4 , which resulted the highest content of Zn in carrots. Moreover, this treatment increased Zn in the root by seven times compared with the control. The low production cost of Zn enrichment of carrots makes them a potential vegetable for the deficiency reduction of this micronutrient in the population nutrition.