Aim: To evaluate the protective potential of calcium sucrose phosphate and novamin containing toothpaste on enamel surface. Settings and Design: In vitro-study. Materials and Methods: This study consisted of 30 samples embedded in orthodontic resin with either buccal or lingual surface exposed. The samples were assigned to either calcium sucrose phosphate containing paste; novamine toothpaste; or control group. The groups were then subjected to cycling in a demineralizing solution and a remineralizing solution. Groups II and III received prior application of calcium sucrose phosphate paste and novamine toothpaste respectively followed by cycling in a demineralizing solution and a remineralizing solution. Following 14 days of cycling, the samples were sectioned and examined using confocal microscopy. The depths of lesions were evaluated. Statistical Analysis: Image Proplus software was used to analyze the images. The values were statistically evaluated using one – way ANOVA and Scheffe's Test. Results and Conclusion: Within the limitations of study it was concluded that enamel surfaces treated with calcium sucrose phosphate paste exhibited the least lesion depths followed by enamel surfaces treated with the novamin tooth paste and control group respectively.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the root canal morphology of mandibular premolars in Northern region of India using adecalcification and clearing technique. Method: Three hundred extracted human mandibular premolars, collected from dental clinics within North India were selected for this study. Following pulp tissue removal, India ink was injected into the root canals and the teeth were decalcified with 5% nitric acid, dehydrated with ascending concentrations of alcohol and rendered clear by immersion in methyl salicylate. Cleared teeth were examined under 5X magnification and the following features were evaluated: (i) number and type of root canals; (ii) presence and location of lateral canals and; (iii) location of apical foramina. Results: 84.2% of the specimens exhibited Type I canal pattern. Type VIII was not observed in any of the specimens. The lateral canals were in the apical third in 78.7% of the specimens followed by middle third in 16.5% and the cervical third in 4.7%. 82.7%of the specimens showed lateral position of the apical foramen. Conclusion: Mandibular premolar teeth present a wide variety of radicular features, with one root and one canal being found in majority of the cases. An accurate knowlegde of the morphology of the root canal is essential for proper diagnosis and successful treatment of endodontic cases.

Dental avulsion is characterized by the complete displacement of the tooth from its socket, with damage to the periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolar bone, gingival and pulp tissues. The ideal treatment for an avulsed permanent tooth is its immediate replantation into the socket. However, in spite of itsrecognized therapeutic value, clinical experience has shown that immediatereplantation rarely occurs due to factors associated to the accident itself, complex damage to the recipient site, or simply lack of knowledgeor confidence of the general population and even professionals about Replantation procedures. The present study was carried out with an aim to assess the level of knowledge of emergency management of avulsed teeth among 209 Dental practitioners in the state of Punjab. The received questionnaires were analysed for the responses. The data showed that the knowledge of dental practitioners in the state was not up to date and efforts should be made to carry out various education programs for the same.