Background Raisins contain a wide range of secondary metabolites, including volatile compounds that may contribute to the health benefits and preference of consumers. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies concerning the analysis of volatile compounds in raisin. The goal of this study was to compare volatile composition of Gök Üzüm (Vitis vinifera L.) raisins produced from grapes dried before the application of two pre-treatments solutions: wood ash (WA) and potassium carbonate (K2CO3). Results Gök Üzüm raisins produced from grapes dipped into the WA solution presented higher contents of most of the studied volatile compounds (including the total contents of C6 compounds, alcohols, benzenoids, esters, aldehydes, terpenes and C13 norisoprenoids) and lower contents of (Z)-2-hexenol and 2-hexenoic acid than the raisins produced from grapes dipped into K2CO solutions. Gök Üzüm raisins were characterized by fruity, floral and grass aromas according to their odor activity values. Drying Gök Üzüm grapes after the treatment of WA solutions promotes a higher aromatic composition compared to K2CO solutions. Conclusion These findings can greatly assist raisin producers in deciding which dipping solution to use before using a dipping solution to dry the grapes. Graphical Abstract

Bronx Seedless and Italia (Vitis vinifera L.) are a variety preferred by consumers owing to their exciting flavour and widely cultivated in Aegean Region in Turkey. The aim was to identify the biogenic amines of these table grapes during berry ripeness. The biogenic amines were analyzed by HPLC in six different berry phenological stages. Italia grapes presented lower biogenic amine content than Bronx Seedless table grapes. The concentration of most of the biogenic amines analyzed linearly raised from the beginning of berry touch to when berries ripen for harvest stages. The most common biogenic amines in grape varieties were putrescine, followed by histamine, agmatine, and tyramine. There was also a positive correlation between all biogenic amines of the two grape varieties. The weakest correlation was found between spermine and cadaverine, whereas the strongest correlation was found among dopamine, trimethylamine, norepinephrine, tyramine, and histamine amines. The present study is the first report of a synthesis study regarding the effect of B.A.s on quality characteristics throughout berry ripeness in grape varieties containing foxy and muscat tastes. The concentration and composition of biogenic amines identified for both varieties might provide helpful information regarding human health and the vintage.

Objectives:The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of Proprioceptif Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) and Mulligan concepts on the pain, functional level and quality of life in the patients with subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS).Methods:This study was carried out on 40 patients (26 females, 14 males), mean age 50,3±1,13 years, who had been diagnosed as SIS admitted to the physical therapy and rehabilitation clinic. Before the beginning measurements all the patients were separated to 2 groups according to simple random table. Standard physical therapy and PNF were given to the Group I (n=20); and Standard physical therapy and Mulligan Concept were added to the Group II (n=20). In the evaluation process the demographic data of the patients, pain severity (VAS), functional level (Constant shoulder score) and quality of life (SF-36) measurement were done. The measurements were done before treatment, after treatment and 3 month later.Results:Before treatment, VAS score, Constant shoulder score and quality of life scores were similar and there were no statistically differences between two groups (p>0.05). After treatment and 3 month later, VAS score decreased, Constant Shoulder score increased in both groups(p<0.05). For Group I, SF-36 physical component and mental component scores increased after treatment (p<0.05), but mental component score was not change in Group II (p>0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the VAS score, Constant Shoulder Score, and mental health score between Groups I and II after treatment and 3 month (p > 0.05).Conclusion:The results of our study suggested that PNF and Mulligan concept could influence positively on shoulder pain, functional level of upper extremity and quality of life in patients with SIS and these effects were similar.