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Abstract. In the presence of viscosity the hydraulic jump in one dimension is seen to be a first-order transition. A scaling relation for the position of the jump has been determined by applying an averaging technique on the stationary hydrodynamic equations. This gives a linear height profile before the jump, as well as a clear dependence of the magnitude of the jump on the outer boundary condition. The importance of viscosity in the jump formation has been convincingly established, and its physical basis has been understood by a time-dependent analysis of the flow equations. In doing so, a very close correspondence has been revealed between a perturbation equation for the flow rate and the metric of an acoustic white hole. We finally provide experimental support for our heuristically developed theory.

Low Reynolds number steady and unsteady incompressible flows over two circular cylinders in tandem are numerically simulated for a range of Reynolds numbers with varying gap size. The governing equations are solved on an unstructured collocated mesh using a second-order implicit finite volume method. The effects of the gap and Reynolds number on the vortex structure of the wake and on the fluid dynamic forces acting on the cylinders are reported and discussed. Both the parameters have significant influence on the flow field. An attempt is made to unify their influence on some global parameters.

The two-dimensional incompressible laminar viscous flow of a conducting fluid past a square cylinder placed centrally in a channel subjected to an imposed transverse magnetic field has been simulated to study the effect of a magnetic field on vortex shedding from a bluff body at different Reynolds numbers varying from 50 to 250. The present staggered grid finite difference simulation shows that for a steady flow the separated zone behind the cylinder is reduced as the magnetic field strength is increased. For flows in the periodic vortex shedding and unsteady wake regime an imposed transverse magnetic field is found to have a considerable effect on the flow characteristics with marginal increase in Strouhal number and a marked drop in the unsteady lift amplitude indicating a reduction in the strength of the shed vortices. It has further been observed, that it is possible to completely eliminate the periodic vortex shedding at the higher Reynolds numbers and to establish a steady flow if a sufficiently strong magnetic field is imposed. The necessary strength of the magnetic field, however, depends on the flow Reynolds number and increases with the increase in Reynolds number. This paper describes the algorithm in detail and presents important results that show the effect of the magnetic field on the separated wake and on the periodic vortex shedding process.

a b s t r a c tFlow over open cavities is mainly governed by a feedback mechanism due to the interaction of shear layer instabilities and acoustic forcing propagating upstream in the cavity. This phenomenon is known to lead to resonant tones that can reach 180 dB in the far-field and may cause structural fatigue issues and annoying noise emission. This paper concerns the use of optimal control theory for reducing the noise level emitted by the cavity. Boundary control is introduced at the cavity upstream corner as a normal velocity component. Model-based optimal control of cavity noise involves multiple simulations of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations and its adjoint, which makes it a computationally expensive optimization approach. To reduce the computational costs, we propose to use a reduced-order model (ROM) based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) as a surrogate model of the forward simulation. For that, a control input separation method is first used to introduce explicitly the control effect in the model. Then, an accurate and robust POD ROM is derived by using an optimization-based identification procedure and generalized POD modes, respectively. Since the POD modes describe only velocities and speed of sound, we minimize a noise-related cost functional characteristic of the total enthalpy unsteadiness. After optimizing the control function with the reduced-order model, we verify the optimality of the solution using the original, high-fidelity model. A maximum noise reduction of 4.7 dB is reached in the cavity and up to 16 dB at the far-field. .in (K.K. Nagarajan). roof of cars, etc. These flows are largely characterized by the presence of a global instability, that dominates the flow, and belong to the oscillators' category as defined by Huerre and Rossi [21] . Reducing the cavity noise is then of extreme importance for the development of quieter transport means. It is now well-known that the control of instabilities for oscillator flows is feasible with a model-based approach relying on linear control tools [35] . In this paper, the objective is to reduce the level of noise emitted by the cavity with an optimal control approach based on a nonlinear model of the dynamics. High-fidelity numerical simulations, like Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of Navier-Stokes equations (NSE), are too expensive for flow control applications. This observation is particularly true when iterative optimization methods are used as in the case of optimal control [19] . It is then necessary to derive surrogate models for reducing the computational costs related to optimal control of high-dimensional nonlinear systems. Starting from an experimental or computational database, the objective is to derive Reduced-Order Models (ROMs) which mine the relevant information content in terms of dynamics.