Dengue virus is an arbovirus belonging to class Flaviviridae Its clinical manifestation ranges from asymptomatic to extreme conditions (dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome). A lot of research has been done on this ailment, yet there is no effective treatment available for the disease. This review provides the systematic understanding of all dengue proteins, role of its structural proteins (C‐protein, E‐protein, prM) in virus entry, assembly, and secretion in host cell, and nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, and NS5) in viral assembly, replication, and immune evasion during dengue progression and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the review has highlighted the controversies related to the only commercially available dengue vaccine, that is, Dengvaxia, and the risk associated with it. Lastly, it provides an insight regarding various approaches for developing an effective anti‐dengue treatment.

A successful packaging technique demands certain barriers for microbes, achieved through controlled conditions to indicate microbial growth, levels of oxygen, harmful bacterial and fungal toxins, moisture levels, and the indicators for temperature and time. Active food packaging is greatly being applied these days for food safety against harmful microbes. Food is protected from biological, physical, and chemical damages caused by pathogenic microbes through different technologies of packaging including modified atmosphere packaging and controlled atmospheric packaging through antimicrobial films. Moreover, it is essential to use selective materials suitable for different food stuffs for the maintenance of nutritional value of foods. Use of various gas scavengers and bio-based package designing are also greatly helpful towards enhanced shelf life of food products.

The present report concerns a case of Letterer-Siwe's disease which satisfies the clinical and pathological findings of acute non-lipid reticuloendotheliosis. This is the third case reported in our clinic, the former two were reported by Kho et al. (1961) and Iskandar et al. (1966). Two other cases from other clinics were reported by Tangosaputra and Himawan (1970).

NS1 is an elusive dengue protein which assists in viral replication, assembly, pathogenesis, and immune evasion. It is secreted in blood plasma, where its levels are positively related to disease severity. It interacts with immune receptors and endothelial cells and triggers the production of inflammatory cytokines leading to severe clinical implications like thrombocytopenia, hemorrhage, and vascular leakage. Despite its pathogenic roles, NS1 is being used in various vaccine formulations due to its sequence conservancy among flaviviruses, ability to produce protective antibodies, and low risk for inducing antibody-dependent enhancement. The pathogenic effects of NS1-based therapies can be overcome by introducing careful modifications in the NS1 protein. In this study, we have utilized ­bioinformatics tools and reported literature to remove the pathogenic sequences from NS1, and developed an NS1 variant (dNS1). Molecular docking studies are performed to compare the receptor-binding ability of the NS1 and dNS1 with TLR4. The comparative analysis of immunogenic potential between NS1 and dNS1 by ELISA and western blotting have revealed that antibody titers of dNS1 in rabbits are three times greater than that of NS1. The results of this study endorse the use of dNS1 as a substitute for NS1 in future vaccine formulations to achieve a safer and more effective dengue therapy.

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