The natural sand which excavated from river bed is used to produced conventional concrete. Depletion of natural sand cause the environmental problem and hence sand excavating is restricted by government which resulted in shortage and drastically increase in its cost. In order to fulfil the necessity of fine aggregates, an alternative material like M sand can be used in concrete. M sand is obtained by crushing the rocks. In this paper, conventional mix 1:2.32:2.82 (M20) with water to binder ratio is maintained as 0.55 was used in this present study. Here the River Sand is partially and fully replaced with M Sand with different percentages like 0%, 45%, 50%, 55% and 100%. Fresh and hard concrete properties were studied with natural sand substitute by M-Sand. Properties of concrete in fresh state such as workability and in hardened state such as compression test, split tensile test and flexural test were considered in this study.

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High amount of reactive silica is ubiquitous in pozzolanic reaction for concrete strength increment. Rice husk ash (RHA) is proven contains high content of amorphous silica that is essential in the pozzolanic reaction of effective additive in concrete. Nevertheless, incorporation of RHA as cement replacement material (CRM) or additive is very minimal in current concrete industry. Therefore, improvement on the RHA properties by introduction of thermal and chemical pretreatment prior to incineration process is considered as a promising way in order to achieve the goal. This treatment process has been reported widely in literature. In this paper, the effect of treated rice husk ash (TRHA) and non-treated rice husk ash (NTRHA) incorporated mortar in terms of its compressive strength and microstructure properties are examine subsequently. The strength activity of TRHA from the optimum treatment process was measured by testing the compressive strength of mortars. The highest compression value obtained was 50.73MPa with 3% UFTRHA replacement at 28 days. At a longer curing period i.e. 90 days, it was recorded that 3% of UFTRHA mortar had the highest compression value at 53.87MPa. As for microstructure properties, a denser microstructure with excellent aggregate bonding and cement matrix in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) was observed.

This, research work was to study the potential of M-sand as compared to river sand in concrete, here M-sand is replaced by river sand 0%,45%,50%,55% and 100% in the concrete mix, Mix design is designed as per IS Standards. In this research a mix 1:2.32:2.82 (M20) was considered. The test specimen was casted for 7days, 28 days and 90days. The performance of M-sand was determined by several experiments such as slump test, impact strength test, flexural Strength, and compressive strength test. The results attained from each test states that as M-sand increases the slump value decreases. flexural strength, compressive strength and impact test of concrete at 7 days, 28 days and 90 days is greater at 100% and 50% replacement of M sand by river sand.

This paper investigates the effects of the properties of fresh concrete incorporating shredded Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles and Manufactured Sand (M-sand) together as fine aggregates replacement in concrete mixtures. The investigation to determine the correlation of the fresh properties of concrete were mainly experimental based and the experiments involved were Slump Test, VeBe Test and Compaction Factor Test. There were two different concrete batches were prepared, in which the first batch was partially replaced by M-sand and the second batch was partially replaced by M-sand and shredded PET bottles as fine aggregate replacements. The proportion of M-sand content and M-sand with shredded PET bottles were 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (for M-sand) and 1.5% proportion of shredded PET bottles respectively. The mix design was prepared in accordance to the Department of Environment (DOE) method and utilizes M30 as the Class of Concrete. A novel empirical relationship between slump, VeBe, and compaction factor for the shredded PET bottles and M-Sand based M30 concrete was proposed. The outcomes of this research has proven beneficial to the construction industries as the utilisation of waste and recycled materials has the potential for sustainable construction.