A low-cost, green,
and highly active catalyst which could transesterify
oil under ambient conditions is required to reduce the biodiesel production
cost. A novel heterogeneous catalyst derived from the waste agroproduct
has been developed from passion fruit peel. The catalytic activity
of calcined waste passion fruit peel (WPFP) which mainly contains
potassium in the form of chloride and carbonate has been evaluated
using factorial design to determine the interaction of molar ratio
of oil to methanol, catalyst weight, and reaction time with three
different reaction conditions such as 65, 45 °C, and room temperature.
The transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel achieved a conversion
of >90% for all variables determined at a reaction temperature
of
45 and 65 °C, respectively, while a maximum biodiesel conversion
of 95.4 ± 2.8% was obtained at room temperature and a reaction
time of 30 min. The addition of certain amounts of the catalyst is
required to reuse the catalyst as the leaching study showed the reduction
of 22% of catalyst weight. The ability of calcined WPFP to catalyze
transesterification at room temperature opens up the possibility to
reduce biodiesel production cost.
Penelitian tentang Rancang Bangun dan Ujicoba Pengering Surya Tipe Kolektor Tabung Vakum untuk mengeringkan kopi telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melalui tahap perumusan, perancangan, perangkaian dan uji coba alat menggunakan kopi sebagai bahan untuk dikeringkan. Hasil uji coba diperoleh suhu udara pengering yang lebih tinggi maka waktu pengeringan dapat lebih singkat dan laju pengeringan lebih besar. Hasil rancang bangun pengering surya ini selanjutnya diuji coba untuk mengeringkan kopi dari kadar air 52,80% hingga kadar air 12,30%, dengan sistem konveksi paksa yang memvariasikan kecepatan udara 2-6 m/sec. Selama pelaksanaan pengeringan kondisi cuaca rata-rata berada pada rentang 143-855 Watt/m2, temperatur lingkungan 28-35 C. Temperatur udara didalam kolektor 85-192 C dan temperatur didalam ruang pengering adalah 35-78 C. Hasil uji coba untuk pengeringan biji kopi menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan udara berbanding lurus dengan laju pengeringan, efisiensi kolektor dan berbanding terbalik dengan waktu pengeringan dan konsumsi energi spesifik (KES).
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