AbstrakBiodiesel merupakan bahan yang sangat potensial untuk menggantikan bahan bakar solar. Bahan bakunya dapat diperbaharui dan bersifat ramah lingkungan. Minyak goreng bekas dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan biodiesel. Kadar asam le mak bebas yang tinggi dalam minyak goreng bekas memerlukan pretreatment (esterifikasi) dalam proses pembuatan biodiesel. Sehingga dalam penelit ian in i dilakukan dua tahap reaksi yaitu esterifikasi dan dilanjutkan dengan tahap transesterifikasi. Pada tahap esterifikasi asam lemak bebas dapat diturunkan kadarnya dari 2,5 % men jadi 1,1%. Tahap transesterifikasi didapatkan yield biodiesel sebesar 88%. Karakteristik biodiesel yang dihasilkan yaitu: viskositas dan densitas pada suhu 40 o C sebesar 3,2 cSt dan 0,85 g/mL, kadar air 0,002%, indeks setana 51, titik nyala 176 o C, dan titik tuang 9 o C. AbstractBiodiesel is a highly potential material to replace diesel fuel. Their raw materials are renewable and environmentally friendly. Frying oil can be used as raw material for making biodiesel. Free fatty acid levels are high in frying oils requiring pretreatment (esterification) in the process of making biodiesel. So in this study a two stages reaction of esterification and transesterification is carried out. At esterification of free fatty acid levels can be lowered from 2.5% to 1.1%. At transesterificat ion stage, yield biodiesel obtained is 88%. Characteristics of biodiesel produced, namely: viscosity and density at a temperature of 40 ° C is 3.2 cSt and 0.85 g / mL respectively, water content is 0.002%, cetane index is 51, flash point is 176 o C, and pour point is 9 o C.
Used cooking oil can be used as raw material for biodiesel, but the levels of free fatty acids (Free Fatty Acid, FFA) is quite high. It is necessary for pretreatment in the form of the adsorption process to reduce levels of FFA. This study aims to determine the optimal conditions of adsorption process and determine the quality of biodiesel produced from adsorption processes and transesterification. Natural zeolites are used as adsorbents activated beforehand using ammonium chloride, calcined and heated to obtain H-zeolite. Furthermore, the adsorption process optimization includes the time, the adsorbent concentration, temperature and particle size. The oil that is already in the adsorption catalyst is reacted with methanol and KOH to obtain biodiesel. The optimum adsorption conditions obtained at the time of 90 minutes, the concentration of H-zeolite 12%, temperature 90 ° C, and a particle size of 0.2 mm that can lower FFA levels from 3.2% to 1.1%. Biodiesel produced meets the quality requirements of SNI 04-7182-2006 with a water content of 0.02%, a density of 857.60 kg / m3, the acid value of 0.29 mg-KOH / g, iodine number 15.71, saponification 168 , 02 and cetane index of 75.62. Compounds contained in biodiesel are methyl 9-octadecanoic (49.45%), methyl heksadekanoat (20.79%), and methyl 9,12oktaekanoat 9.12 (18.87%). Keywords: Biodiesel, used cooking oil, adsorption, transesterification, H-zeolitDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3107
AbstrakTelah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk memisahkan gliserol dari pengotornya untuk mendapatkan kadar yang lebih tinggi. Pemisahan gliserol dilakukan dengan penambahan asam phospat diikuti penambahan karbón aktif untuk menarik sisa kotoran dan warna. Terakhir digunakan rotary evaporator untuk menarik air. Gliserol yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari hasil samping pembuatan biodiesel. Minyak goreng bekas dan katalis KOH digunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk pembuatan biodiesel. Hasilnya menunjukkan kadar tertinggi gliserol sebesar 76,43 % dihasilkan pada kondisi : pH 6; karbón aktif 5 % dan waktu adsorbsi 24 jam. AbstractA research has been done in order to separate glyserine from its impurity to gain glycerine with higher concentration. The separation was first done by using phosporic acid. Alter separation the free acid and other impurities, activated carbon was added to remove the glycerine colour. Finally, rotary evaporator was used to extract water from glycerine. Glycerine that was used in the experiment was taken from the by product of biodiesel preparation. Waste cooking oil and kalium hydroxyde catalyst were used as raw material of the biodiesel production. The result show that the highest concentration of glycerine is 76,43 % obtained at neutral condition at pH 6; 5 % activated carbon and adsorption time 24 hour.
Active compounds with antioxidant activity were isolated from ethyl acetate extract of namnam stem (C. cauliflora L.) that had undergone maceration and fractionation by gravity column chromatography. The compounds were later identified by by using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, FTIR, LCMS and 1H-NMR. Ethyl acetate extract of namnam stem showed considerably high antioxidant activity (IC50 value 4.68 ± 0.035 ppm). The results of analysis by UV-Vis and FTIR showed carbonyl group conjugated with an aromatic ring at band I (λmax 330.22 nm), chromophore group of alkene (C=C) at band II (λmax 268.67 nm) and functional groups such as O−H (3343.91 cm-1), C=O (1729.23 cm-1), C=C (1652.64 and 1611.99 cm-1), C−O (1269.89) and C−H ortho (738.23 cm-1). LCMS (m/z 270.9246) and 1H-NMR data showed seven proton signals on the aromatic ring at carbon position C-3 at δH 6.86 ppm (1H, s), C-6 at δH 5.95 ppm (1H, d, J=1.95 Hz), C-8 at δH 6.25 ppm (1H, d, J= 1.95 Hz), C-2’ and C-6’ at δH 7.03 ppm (2H, d, J=7.87 Hz), C-3’ and C-5’ at δH 6.87 ppm (2H, d, J= 7.87 Hz) so that the structure was identified as a flavonoid which was 4 ', 5,7-trihydroxy-flavones or known as apigenin. The isolated apigenin had very strong antioxidant activity, as shown by IC50 value of 5.18 ± 0.014 ppm.
Crude biodiesel hasil transesterifikasi minyak goreng bekas dapat ditingkatkan kualitasnya melalui proses catalytic cracking menggunakan zeolit alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi optimum proses catalytic cracking dan sifat fisika dan kimia biofuel yang dihasilkan. Reaksi dijalankan dalam reaktor dengan memvariasikan waktu (1, 2 dan 3 jam), konsentrasi katalis (3, 5 dan 7 %), ukuran partikel katalis (180, 250 dan 630μm) dan suhu reaksi (325, 350 dan 375°C). Kondisi optimum proses catalytic cracking crude biodiesel didapatkan pada : waktu 3 jam, konsentrasi katalis 7%, ukuran partikel katalis 180 μm dan suhu reaksi 375°C. Biofuel yang dihasilkan mengandung 6,26% fraksi bensin(C5-C11); 17,6% kerosin (C12-C15), 47,73% biodiesel (C16-C20) dan asam lemak 28,4%. Analisis sifat fisik menunjukan densitas 0,9631g/mL, titik tuang 12°C, titik nyala 49°C dan angka oktan 72,6. Kata kunci: catalytic cracking, crude biodiesel, angka oktan, biofuel. Crude biodiesel from transesterification of used cooking oil can be improved in quality through catalytic cracking using natural zeolite. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions for catalytic cracking and the physical and chemical properties of biofuels produced. The reaction was carried out in the reactor by varying the time (1, 2 and 3 hours), catalyst concentration (3, 5 and 7%), catalyst particle size (180, 250 and 630 μm) and reaction temperature (325, 350 and 375°C) . The optimum conditions for the catalytic cracking crude biodiesel process were obtained at: 3 hours, 7% catalyst concentration, catalyst particle size 180 μm and reaction temperature 375 ° C. The resulting biofuel contains 6.26% gasoline fraction (C5-C11); 17.6% kerosene (C12-C15), 47.73% biodiesel (C16-C20) and fatty acids 28.4%. Physical properties analysis showed density of 0.9631g/mL, pour point 12°C, flash point 49°C and octane number 72.6. Keywords: Catalytic cracking, crude biodiesel, octane number, biofuel.
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