RESUMO -A determinação da habilidade competitiva de cultivares de cevada com plantas daninhas torna-se relevante para a adoção do método de manejo cultural; desse modo, podemse diminuir os custos de produção, bem como os impactos ambientais causados por outros métodos de manejo, como o químico. Este trabalho comparou as habilidades competitivas relativas de três cultivares de cevada e um biótipo de azevém. Foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação na estação de crescimento 2008/09, utilizando-se delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em série de substituição e constituíram-se de cinco proporções de plantas de cevada e do azevém competidor com a cultura: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 e 0:100. A cevada foi representada pelos cultivares BRS Greta, BRS Elis e BRS 225, e o competidor, pelo azevém. A análise da competitividade foi efetuada por meio de diagramas aplicados a experimentos substitutivos, mais uso de índices de competitividade relativa. As variáveis estudadas foram: afilhamento, estatura, área foliar e massa da matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas. O azevém afetou o afilhamento, a área foliar e a massa da matéria seca da parte aérea de plantas dos cultivares de cevada BRS Greta, BRS Elis e BRS 225, demonstrando grande habilidade competitiva com a cultura pelos recursos disponíveis no meio. Entre os cultivares de cevada avaliados, BRS Elis foi o mais competitivo na presença do azevém, que é uma das espécies daninhas que necessitam de controle mesmo quando presente em baixas proporções na cultura da cevada.Palavras-chave: cereais de inverno, Hordeum vulgare, Lolium multiflorum, características morfofisiológicas.ABSTRACT -Characterization of the competitive ability of barley varieties against weed species is relevant for the adoption of the cultural method of weed control; thus, it is possible to reduce both the production costs and environmental impacts caused by other management methods, including the use of chemicals. This work assessed the competitive ability of barley varieties against ryegrass. Trials were installed under greenhouse conditions at the 2008/2009 cropping season, in a completely randomized block design, with four replications. Treatments were arranged in a substitution series design constituted by five proportions of plants of both species: 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; and 0:100. Barley varieties BRS Greta, BRS Elis and BRS 225 were tested against ryegrass as the competitor. The competitive analysis was carried out through diagrams applied to the substitutive design, plus determination of relative competitiveness indexes. Plant height, tillering, leaf area and shoot dry mass were evaluated. The presence of ryegrass reduced tillering, leaf area and dry mass accumulation for all varieties of barley tested, showing to be an aggressive competitor. Among the barley varieties tested, BRS Elis showed the highest competitive ability against ryegrass. Ryegrass requires the adoption of control techniques even when present at l...
RESUMO -Na cultura do trigo, diversos fatores limitam a sua produtividade, dentre os quais se destaca a competição imposta por plantas daninhas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o período crítico de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do trigo e os efeitos da competição em variáveis morfológicas e nos componentes da produtividade. O experimento foi conduzido a campo, no ano de 2006, no Centro Agropecuário da Palma, Capão do Leão/RS. Os fatores testados foram períodos de convivência e controle das plantas daninhas na cultura do trigo, cultivar FUNDACEP 52. Os períodos de convivência e/ou controle foram de: 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 e 126 dias após a emergência (DAE). Os resultados obtidos referentes às variáveis determinadas no final de cada período de controle ou convivência e por ocasião da colheita demonstraram que os componentes da produtividade do trigo não foram influenciados pela competição com plantas daninhas e que medidas efetivas de controle devem ser adotadas no período entre 12 e 24 dias após a emergência.Palavras-chave: convivência, controle, interferência, produtividade. coexistence and/or control were: 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 126 ABSTRACT -Several factors limit wheat crop yield, with competition imposed by weed plants being the most outstanding. The objective of this study was to determine the critical period of weed interference in wheat crop and the effects of competition on morphological variables and yield components. This field experiment was carried out at Centro Agropecuário da
Palavras-chave: espaçamento entre linhas, modelos matemáticos, Oryza sativa, Echinochloa spp.ABSTRACT -High yield losses in irrigated rice occur due to weed interference, as weeds are also adapted to the flooded environment where the crop is cultivated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of interference and determine the economic weed threshold of populations of barnyardgrass in irrigated rice, according to crop arrangement. Thus, an experiment was carried out under field conditions with rice crop, under the conventional system. The treatments consisted of three arrangements of rice plants, one cultivar BRS Pelota (17 and 32 cm, hand sown) and nine populations of the competitor barnyardgrass present in each sowing method. The rectangular hyperbolic nonlinear regression model appropriately estimates rice productivity losses in the presence of barnyardgrass plants. Manually sown rice crop shows greater competitive ability against barnyardgrass in relation to the 17 and 32 cm spacings. The variable leaf area fits better to the hyperbolic model,compared to the variables plant population, shoot dry weight and soil covering. Sowing the crop by hand increases the economic weed threshold, justifying the adoption of measures to control barnyardgrass at higher population levels. Increased grain yield, rice price, herbicide efficiency and control cost reduction decrease the economic weed threshold values, justifying the adoption of control measures in low populations of barnyardgrass.
, DAL MAGRO, T.5 e TIRONI, S. 6RESUMO -Experimentos em série de substituição possibilitam o estudo da competição inter e intra-específica. A premissa desses experimentos é de que as produtividades das misturas podem ser determinadas pela comparação com a produtividade da monocultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a habilidade competitiva relativa de cultivar de trigo com as espécies daninhas azevém ou nabo. . A análise estatística da competitividade foi realizada através de diagramas aplicados aos experimentos substitutivos e interpretações dos índices de competitividade. As relações competitivas entre plantas de trigo e azevém ou entre trigo e nabo são alteradas pela proporção de plantas que compõem a associação; a cultura do trigo apresenta habilidade competitiva superior à do azevém, mas inferior à do nabo, quando as espécies ocorrem em proporções iguais de plantas nas associações, e essas espécies ocupam o mesmo nicho ecológico.Palavras-chave: competição, interferência mútua, série de substituição.ABSTRACT -Replacement series experiments make possible the study of inter and intraspecific competition, based on the fact that the yield of the species under competition can be determined by comparing with plants in monoculture. The objective of this work was to investigate the relative competitive ability of wheat crop with the weeds Italian ryegrass or wild radish. Three experiments were conducted under greenhouse at UFPel, in 2006. The treatments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with four replications, with the treatments arranged in replacement series. The proportions of wheat plants and competitors Italian ryegrass or wild radish were: 100/0, 75/ 25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0/100, always with a total population of 900 plants m -2 . Competitiveness statistical analysis consisted in applying diagrams to the replacement series and interpreting the competitiveness indices. The competitive relationships between wheat and ryegrass or between wheat and wild radish plants are altered by the proportion of plants that compose the association. Wheat shows superior competitive ability to ryegrass but inferior to wild radish when the species have similar proportions of plants in the associations and when these species occur in the same ecological niche.
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