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Internet of Drones (IoD) is a layered network control architecture, which is having a revolutionary impact on the monitoring and preserving of environment. Large-scale droneassisted environmental monitoring can provide a better perspective and high-quality data by monitoring the operation of critical components of smart cities. However, as the continuous expand of IoD scale and the increase of multi-drone collaboration tasks, the large-scale drone-assisted service in smart cities monitoring will inevitably encounter the problem of relay and transfer of drone control. Lack of trust collaboration paradigm between drone controllers will bring huge security challenges to real-time monitoring of the environment, collaboration of tasks, data and location privacy of drones, etc. To address this important issue in IoD, this paper proposes a paradigm that uses smart contracts and blockchain to ensure trusted collaboration between controllers of software defined IoD (SD-IoD). First, we propose a novel SD-IoD architecture to enhance the support for heterogeneity and flexibility of IoD for the monitoring of environment. Second, we proposed a controller consortium blockchain for secure and efficient cooperation and interoperability of drone controllers, which includes a new cryptographic currency cooperation coin and a new consensus mechanism Proof-of-Security-Guarantee (PoSG). Third, we have designed a novel incentive mechanism to encourage controllers to maintain their own security and provide safer services to other controllers. The security analysis and performance simulation results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism.Index Terms-Environment monitoring, Software-Defined Internet of Drones (SD-IoD), blockchain, smart cities.

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The diverse applications and high-quality services in smart cities have led to the geographical unbalance of computation requirements. Traditional centralized cloud computing services and the massive migration of computing tasks result in the increase of network delay and the aggravation of network congestion. Deploying fog nodes at the network edge has become an effective way to improve the quality of service. However, the dynamic requirements and application in various scenarios still challenge the network, resulting in the geographical unbalance of computing resource demands. Nowadays, the computing resources of on-board computers and devices in the Internet of Vehicles are abundant enough to mitigate the geographical unbalance in computing power demand. The efficient usage of the natural mobility of constantly moving vehicles to solve the above-mentioned problems remains an urgent need. In this paper, a vehicle mobility-based geographical migration model of the vehicular computing resource is established for the fog computing-enabled smart cities. The vehicle as a service framework takes the full advantage of the unbalance and randomness of vehicular computing resource and improves the flexibility of traditional cloud computing architecture. An incentive scheme that affects the vehicle path selection through resource pricing is proposed to balance the resource requirements and to geographically allocate computing resources. The simulation results indicate that the advantages and efficiency of the proposed scheme are significant.

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