Introduction/Objective "Cariogram" takes into account interactions between caries-related factors and expresses a graphic assessment of the caries risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between caries risk and different variables of Cariogram in pregnant women. Methods This study included 96 pregnant women. At baseline, data on general health, diet, oral hygiene, and fluoride exposure were obtained. DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) index was calculated by clinical examination. Saliva analyses included mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts, buffer capacity, and secretion rate. Scores were entered and caries risk was assessed. The women were divided into five groups according to their Cariogram caries risk. Results The results of the study showed that 29.17% (28) of the pregnant women had high caries risk, 21.88% (21)-medium, 17.71% (17)-low, 16.67% (16)-very high, and 14.58% (14)-very low caries risk. In an average caries risk profile of pregnant women, the dominant sector was "Bacteria" (18.85% of the risk structure profile), followed by "Diet" (17.97%), "Circumstances" (15.68%), and "Susceptibility" sector (14.65%). Conclusion Cariogram shows that pregnant women in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, had 46.14% chance of avoiding caries in the future. The Cariogram model can successfully determine caries risk profiles for pregnant women.

Summary Background: Despite the availability of a variety of preventive and treatment modalities, caries in the early childhood remains a serious and prevalent disease worldwide.The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) among 24 to 71-month old children who attended the Center for preschool education Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The whole sample included 297 children of both genders. Caries status of each child was recorded using the dmft index according to the WHO criteria.Results: Two hundred ninety-seven children (138 girls and 159 boys) 24 to 71-month old were examined. The overall prevalence of dental caries was 64.65%. Only 23 (7.74%) children had their teeth restored.Conclusions: ECC prevalence among 24 to 71-month old children who attended the Center for pre-school education in Banja Luka is very high, but the problem is even greater because most of those caries lesions are untreated.

Introduction During the first two years of life children’s nutrition is mostly based on frequent, liquid and sweetened meals which can cause Severe-Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) development. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship between dietary habits and S-ECC in children up to 24 month-old living in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods Cross-sectional study included representative sample of 192 children. Before dental examination of children, each parent/caregiver was interviewed about the basic info, socio-demographic characteristics and children's eating habits. The questionnaire was conducted as interview (“face to face”). Subjects were divided into two groups: the first group - children with S-ECC and the second group - caries free children. For statistical analysis and presentation of results SPSS 16.0 for Windows, MS Office Word and Microsoft Office Excel were used. Results In the study sample 34.9% of children were suffering from S-ECC. About 50% of children who were breast-fed at night after first tooth eruption had S-ECC. The use of baby bottle with milk or other sweetened content during bedtime and during the night was identified as significant caries risk factor (P <0.05). Conclusion Nighttime breastfeeding, use of bottle with milk during bedtime/nighttime or other sweetened content during night after eruption of first primary tooth were strongly associated with S-ECC in the examined children.

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate risk factors for S-ECC among infants under 24 months of age living in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out. Considering inclusion criteria, the total sample consisted of 192 examined infants under 24 months of age. Parents/caregivers were interviewed ahead of each dental examination of children. Following data collection, outcome measures were: the presence/absence of S-ECC (children with at least one active early carious lesion on the smooth surfaces of the maxillary anterior teeth/caries-free children) and the severity of dental caries (no caries, initial caries and cavitated caries lesion).Results: Overall results of the study indicated that 22.9% of infants had initial caries, while 12.0% (95% CI: 8.1-17.3) of infants had at least one cavitated carious lesion. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the age of infants (p < 0.001) and family monthly income (p = 0.003) variables were statistically significant predictors for the development of caries.Conclusions: This research found that the most important risk predictors for the development and severity (intensity) of S-ECC in infants under 24 months of age were low monthly income of parents and the infant's age.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of fluoride varnish and a new generation of nanoapatite varnish containing both Casein PhosphoPeptide − Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) and fluoride, on the activity of the initial smooth surface caries lesions of primary teeth. Materials and Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on a total of 120 primary teeth with initial caries lesions in enamel, at children under the age of 24 months. Clinical evaluation of initial carious lesions and its evaluation during the research was carried out using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II). Results: There was a change of activity of the carious lesion in all three groups (CPP-ACPFG, FG and KG) during the time of treatment and follow-up, which was statistically significant. However, in the group of CPP-ACPFG, there was a better result compared to the FG and КG. Conclusion: Remineralizing treatment of new generation varnish containing both nanoapatite and fluоride gave a better result compared to conventional varnish with fluoride.