Nowadays, Nosocomial infection and hospital-acquired infection are a worldwide problem that increases morbidity and mortality among the hospitalized patients and surges an additional cost. Rural nurses have a paramount role in preventing infection and providing high quality of patient care. Aim: This study existed to assess the effectiveness of an in-service education program for improving nurses' performance concerning the application of infection control measures in rural hospitals. Setting: This study was conducted in a selected government rural hospital in Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Sample: A purposive sample of 100 nurses working in the rural hospital were included. Tools: A structured interview guide was used to assess nurses' level of knowledge, and an observation checklist to assess their performance level before and after program implementation. Results: Nearly half of nurses had correct performance concerning infection control pre-program and improved to around 88.0% post-program implementation. There were statistically significant differences between nurse's total knowledge scales and subscales in pre and post-program. Likewise, there were highly statistically significant differences associated with nurses' correct performance score level pre and post-program. Conclusion: In-service education intervention reported incredible improvement in nurses' knowledge and performance toward infection control measures in the rural hospital. Recommendations: There is a desire for endless training courses for nurses to validate nurses' knowledge, performance regarding utilization of standard safeguards of infection control in the rural hospital. Finally, at the community level, the government has to consider the distribution of continuous education programs to expand all health services and resources in rural areas.

Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of neurobehavioral conditions that affect children most frequently. Mothers of children with ADHD frequently experience elevated stress levels, poor life quality, lower levels of maternal satisfaction, and confusing child behaviors that make them feel harshly disciplined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention guidelines on mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Subject and Methods: A quasi-experimental research design with pre-post and follow-up evaluation for one group was used in this study. Sample: This study was carried out on 150 mothers and their children who have been diagnosed with ADHD. Settings: This study conducted at the child psychiatric outpatient clinics at El-Fayoum & Zagazig University Hospitals, El-Tarbia El-Fekryia Schools and Development Referral Centers at El-Fayoum City as Sondos Academy, Ibny and Together Centers. Tools: The tools used to collect data are: I. Structured interviewing sheet, II. Mothers' knowledge questionnaire, and III. A self-reported practices checklists. The intervention guidelines involved 10 sessions. Results: There was highly statistical significant difference regarding mothers' knowledge and their reported practices before, immediately after, and at following-up phases of intervention guidelines implementation on children having ADHD. Conclusion:The intervention guidelines were effective in improving mothers' knowledge and reported practices regarding their children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Recommendation: Continuous training for mothers having children with ADHD. Also, further studies will be needed to evaluate the effect of intervention guidelines on the mothers' coping, quality of life (QOL), mothering satisfaction, psychological well-being to enhance their knowledge, attitudes, and practices in improving their children's outcomes.

Background: Workers in the sewage industry are particularly vulnerable to infections associated with human excreta and waste water, including a wide spectrum of water-related diseases. Aim: To evaluate the effect of supportive information regarding water-related diseases health risks prevention among Fayoum city sewage workers. Design: A quasi-experimental research design was utilized. Setting: The study was conducted at three locations in Fayoum city, which are affiliated to Fayoum drinking water and Sanitation Company. Sample: A stratified sample was used, and 114 sanitation workers were recruited based on the inclusion criteria. Tools: two tools were utilized: Tool I: An interviewing questionnaire consisted of five parts (Socio-demographic and occupational characteristics of sewage workers, the provision of health care services, personal protective equipment (PPE) availability, and selfreported health effects based on worker health history), and A structured questionnaire to assess workers' knowledge regarding water-related diseases. Tool II: self-reported practice checklist concerning workers safe health practices. Results: Revealed a significant improvement in sewage workers knowledge. Where the mean of total knowledge scores of them had significantly improved from 28.78±9.91 pre-test to 46.13±4.96 immediately post-test, and there was a statistically significant difference in the total practices regarding water-related diseases' health risks prevention pre and post-application of supportive information. Conclusion: The study concluded that the application of supportive information was effective in improving sewage workers' knowledge and practices regarding water-related disease health risk prevention. Recommendation: Periodic educational sessions on various water-related diseases health risks prevention, first-aid, safety measures, and personal protective equipment training.

Background: Foodborne diseases are a preventable public health problem, through following the principles of food safety by food handlers. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate effect of educational guidelines on food handlers' practices at Fayoum University restaurants. Design: A quasi-experimental research design was used in this study. Settings: At Fayoum University restaurants. Sample: A convenience sample consisting of 80 food handlers was recruited. Tools: Two tools were utilized in this study: Tool I: A structured interviewing questionnaire which included three parts; part I: Socio-demographic characteristics of food handlers; Part II: Food handlers' knowledge about foodborne diseases, and safety food measures to prevent food contamination; and part III: reported practices regarding safety food measures. Tool II: Observational checklist concerning food handlers personal hygiene, hand washing, and use of personal protective equipment. Results: The results revealed that 61.2% of the study sample were female, and 57.5% aged 40 years or more. There were improvements in food handlers' knowledge and satisfactory practices' scores regarding safety food measures. Conclusion: The study concluded that the application of the educational guidelines had a positive effect on improving food handlers' knowledge, and practices. Recommendations: Application of the educational guidelines and regular training programs at University restaurants to improve food handlers' knowledge, and practices regarding safety food measures.

Lead, a non-essential metal, enters the body in various ways, making it a major public health issue. Painters and smelters report lead poisoning in children and staff. Mining and battery workers risk lead exposure. Traditional and cultural remedies may include dangerous quantities of lead, producing lead poisoning. These drugs must be properly understood and regulated to avoid toxicity. Lead poisoning symptoms vary by duration and severity. Lead first impairs cognition, development, and behaviour by damaging the neural system. Time degrades reproductive and haematological systems. Lead's quiet entry into the body makes it deadly. Acute lead nephropathy damages kidneys at 100mg/dL. Lead levels exceeding 150mg/dL may induce encephalopathy. Blood lead levels indicate lead poisoning severity. Lead levels over 10g/dL in children and 40g/dL in adults are hazardous. Lead toxicity affects various organs. Lead may induce hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It may also cause chronic kidney disease and renal failure. Lead exposure may impede fertility, cause miscarriages, and alter foetal development; hence the reproductive system is vulnerable. Symptoms and lead levels may be treated with different approaches. Lead chelation treatment is frequent. Other vitamins and medications may enhance organ function and treat lead poisoning. Lead poisoning prevention requires widespread awareness. Strict standards and education regarding lead-contaminated products and conventional remedies should reduce occupational lead exposure. Regular blood lead level monitoring, especially in youngsters and lead workers, may help detect and treat lead poisoning early. Lead poisoning has serious health consequences. Understanding lead exposure pathways, identifying symptoms, and preventing lead poisoning is essential to public health and organ system protection.