To determine the role and mechanisms of action by which dopaminergic innervation modulates ductal secretion in bile duct-ligated rats, we determined the expression of D1, D2, and D3 dopaminergic receptors in cholangiocytes. We evaluated whether D1, D2 (quinelorane), or D3 dopaminergic receptor agonists influence basal and secretin-stimulated choleresis and lumen expansion in intrahepatic bile duct units (IBDU) and cAMP levels in cholangiocytes in the absence or presence of BAPTA-AM, chelerythrine, 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methyl piperazine (H7), or rottlerin. We evaluated whether 1) quinelorane effects on ductal secretion were associated with increased expression of Ca(2+)-dependent PKC isoforms and 2) increased expression of PKC causes inhibition of PKA activity. Quinelorane inhibited secretin-stimulated choleresis in vivo and IBDU lumen space, cAMP levels, and PKA activity in cholangiocytes. The inhibitory effects of quinelorane on secretin-stimulated ductal secretion and PKA activity were blocked by BAPTA-AM, chelerythrine, and H7. Quinelorane effects on ductal secretion were associated with activation of the Ca(2+)-dependent PKC-gamma but not other PKC isoforms. The dopaminergic nervous system counterregulates secretin-stimulated ductal secretion in experimental cholestasis.

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The current approaches in identifying the characteristics of ethical leadership proceed mainly from a Western perspective based on virtue-driven moral philosophy (i.e., relativism) and frequently ignoring the Asian perspective of morality based on idealism. This study aimed to conduct parallel analysis in convergent design by using qualitative and quantitative methods to extract person-driven ethical leadership themes by considering the Asian context. Using the hypothetico-deductive method, 13 themes were extracted altogether, out of which 4 are new context-driven themes (i.e., altruism, encouragement, collective good, and spiritual transcendence as the emerging themes of ethical leadership in the Asian context).

B.Ed (Honors) program initiated with the recommendations of the National Curriculum Revision Committee (NCRC) and Higher Education Commission (HEC) in Pakistan. Government of Pakistan (GOP) ensures to expose a deep interest in creating severe modifications to confiscate entirely differences in the transnational standards. The present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of B.Ed (Honors) program being offered in private and public sector universities in Pakistan. Faculty teachers and alumni were selected as sample of the study. For data collection, questionnaire containing 45 statements with four factors and focus group discussion were used.  SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics indicated that the respondents were satisfied about the teachers’ content knowledge, effectiveness of teaching methodologies, practices of behavior changes and timely feedbacks. Respondents were less satisfied with the statements related to admission criteria, appropriateness of content, supportive environment for learning and teaching practices, assessment system and availability of physical resources. Inferential statistics showed that significant difference in mean scores of respondents from private and public sectors universities on the factors of program objectives, content of program, assessment procedure and accessibility of physical facilities. It is suggested in the light of findings that administration of universities should allocate more budget for improving the quality of this program, content should revised, selection criteria should appropriate, availability and  proper use of  technology and proficiency of English.