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Crude enzymes produced via solid state fermentation (SSF) using wheat milling by-products have been employed for both fermentation media production using flour-rich waste (FRW) streams and lysis of Rhodosporidium toruloides yeast cells. Filter sterilization of crude hydrolysates was more beneficial than heat sterilization regarding yeast growth and microbial oil production. The initial carbon to free amino nitrogen ratio of crude hydrolysates was optimised (80.2g/g) in fed-batch cultures of R. toruloides leading to a total dry weight of 61.2g/L with microbial oil content of 61.8% (w/w). Employing a feeding strategy where the glucose concentration was maintained in the range of 12.2-17.6g/L led to the highest productivity (0.32 g/L·h). The crude enzymes produced by SSF were utilised for yeast cell treatment leading to simultaneous release of around 80% of total lipids in the broth and production of a hydrolysate suitable as yeast extract replacement.

Diversified mixed confectionery waste streams were utilized in a two-stage bioprocess to formulate a nutrient-rich fermentation media for microbial oil production. Solid-state fermentation was conducted for the production of crude enzyme consortia to be subsequently applied in hydrolytic reactions to break down starch, disaccharides, and proteins into monosaccharides, amino acids, and peptides. Crude hydrolysates were evaluated in bioconversion processes using the red yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides DSM 4444 both in batch and fed-batch mode. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, during fed-batch cultures, the concentration of microbial lipids reached 16.6–17 g·L−1 with the intracellular content being more than 40% (w/w) in both hydrolysates applied. R. toruloides was able to metabolize mixed carbon sources without catabolite repression. The fatty acid profile of the produced lipids was altered based on the substrate employed in the bioconversion process. Microbial lipids were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, with oleic acid being the major fatty acid (61.7%, w/w). This study showed that mixed food side-streams could be valorized for the production of microbial oil with high unsaturation degree, pointing towards the potential to produce tailor-made lipids for specific food applications. Likewise, the proposed process conforms unequivocally to the principles of the circular economy, as the entire quantity of confectionery by-products are implemented to generate added-value compounds that will find applications in the same original industry, thus closing the loop.

HighlightsPenetration of the visceral peritoneum by a mucinous neoplasm consists the cardinal point in the management and prognosis.Patients with LAMN confined to the muscularis propria after histologic examination of the entire appendix (pTis) have essentially no risk of recurrence.There are no clear guidelines regarding appropriate management of appendiceal LAMNs with positive margins, especially when confined within the serosa.A simple cecectomy is traditionally suggested by some authors, but according to more recent data its necessity is debated.LAMN may rarely recur in the form of a polypoid protrusion into the cecal lumen and this may originate from the buried stump of the appendix on the ground of a positive margin.