The coffee quality is affected by 40% pre-harvest, 40% post-harvest, and 20% export handling. Besides, future risks for the coffee industry are related with climate change and increased pathogens. Considering the importance of the aroma profile and unique flavor of Arabica coffee, most literature focuses on this variety because of the high market share; however, nowadays, Robusta coffee stands out for its increasing industrial value and resistance to drought. In this review, both species are emphasized, highlighting sensory aspects of possible new products mixed with a higher proportion of Robusta given market trends for bitter beverages. In the present work, a systematic search of peer-reviewed literature evaluates how the coffee cup quality and physicochemical characteristics of Robusta and Arabica are influenced by environmental, agronomic, and further processing factors.
C. canephora (syn. C. robusta) is distinctive due to its rising industrial value and pathogen resistance. Both altitude and post-harvest methods influence coffee cup quality; however, modest information is known about this coffee species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between four different altitudes and post-harvest processes (dry, honey, and wet) to the improvement of the organoleptic quality of the C. canephora congolensis and conilon drink. For dry processing, congolensis and conilon showed the lowest scores in terms of fragrance/aroma, flavour, aftertaste, salt–acid, bitter–sweet, and body. Above 625 m, coffees from dry, honey, and wet processes increased scores in their sensory attributes, but there was no difference at such high altitudes when comparing post-harvest samples. Dry-processed coffee samples had total scores over 80 points at high altitudes. Conilon was perceived to have the best sensory attributes at high altitudes using honey processing. In general, the wet-processed congolensis and conilon samples had a tastier profile than dry-processed ones.
La fertilización foliar es una estrategia que permite complementar la nutrición de los cultivos cuando algún factor del suelo limita la absorción de nutrientes por la raíces. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la efectividad de tiempos y fuentes de aplicación foliar de Ca, B y Zn en el rendimiento y rentabilidad del cacao nacional. Los tratamientos consistieron de tres fuentes foliares de Ca, B y Zn (sales, quelatos y aminoquelatos) y tres tiempos de aplicación foliar (6 – 8, 11 – 13 y 16 – 18 horas). Además, se incluyó un tratamiento control que solo recibió fertilización edáfica. Se registró el rendimiento de grano (kg ha-1) y beneficio económico neto de la fertilización foliar (USD ha-1). El rendimiento de grano fue influenciado significativamente (p 0,05) por las fuentes foliares y los tiempos de aplicación foliar. Los aminoquelatos alcanzaron el mayor rendimiento de grano, con un incremento de 198, 289 y 440 kg, con relación a los tratamientos con quelatos, sales y control, respectivamente. Las aplicaciones foliares en la mañana y tarde, mostraron mayor rendimiento de grano con relación a la aplicación del medio día, e incrementaron el rendimiento en un 20,46 y 20,06% con relación al tratamiento control. El mayor beneficio económico neto de la fertilización foliar, se produjo con los aminoquelatos aplicados en horas de la mañana y tarde, con 442 y 418 USD ha-1, respectivamente. La aplicación foliar de aminoquelatos de Ca, B y Zn es una estrategia efectiva para incrementar rendimiento y rentabilidad del cacao nacional.
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