The oceanic islands of the Gulf of Guinea (Príncipe, São Tomé, and Annobón) have been the focus of biological research for over two hundred years. Following small surveys that generated modest collections in the eighteenth and early mid-nineteenth century, European institutions commissioned several exploratory missions to the region that resulted in the first major catalogues of its biodiversity. The following century brought a new wave of research investment, mostly driven by the colonial interests. After the independence of both Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe, novel research trends focusing on conservation aspects of biodiversity research emerged. Here we present a chronological review of the zoological and botanical expeditions to the region, commenting on their major results, collectors, and the naturalists who studied them.
ResumoOs herbários são coleções biológicas que incluem o material de referência para todos os que precisem de identificar ou preservar plantas, fungos ou algas. Estas coleções foram usadas inicialmente pelos professores/médicos/herbalistas no século XVI e mais tarde, nas primeiras viagens de exploração científica, tornaram-se uma ferramenta essencial para todos os coletores e botânicos. A contextualização dos herbários do ponto de vista da história das ciências pode ampliar os usos de um herbário e reforçar a sua versatilidade. Desta perspetiva, os herbários transcendem a sua função de repositório, refletindo contextos para além dos da esfera científica, espelhando as políticas de desenvolvimento governamental, educacional e económico de um país. O Herbário do Museu de História Natural e da Ciência da Universidade do Porto é uma coleção reconhecida mundialmente como o Herbário da Universidade do Porto (PO) e é uma coleção de referência da flora Portuguesa, contendo coleções históricas, privadas e académicas constituídas desde o século XIX. Tomando como ponto de partida o herbário (coleção botânica desidratada entre papel) e o Herbário da Universidade do Porto (como instituição responsável da organização e conservação de vários tipos de coleções botânicas), este trabalho mostra como os herbários e os Herbários são veículos para a compreensão de assuntos de várias esferas e materializam a sua interconexão, promovendo uma aprendizagem de carácter global, fomentando a sua consciência histórica e cívica. Palavras-chave: Coleções históricas; Herbários: Estudos Interdisciplinares. Abstract Herbaria are biological collections that include reference material for anyone who needs to identify or preserve plants, fungi or algae. These collections were used by the first professors/doctors/herbalists in the 16th century, and later, on the first voyages of scientific exploration becoming an essential tool for all collectors and botanists. The contextualization of herbaria from the point of view of the history of science can broaden the uses of a herbarium and reinforce its versatility. From this perspective, herbaria transcend their repository function, reflecting contexts beyond those of the scientific sphere, mirroring a country's government, educational and economic development policies. The Herbarium of the Museum of Natural History and Science of the University of Porto is a collection recognized worldwide as the Herbarium of the University of Porto (PO) and is a reference collection of Portuguese flora, containing historical, private and academic collections since the 19th century. Taking as its starting point the herbarium (dehydrated botanical collection between paper) and the Herbarium of the University of Porto (as the institution responsible for the organization and conservation of various types of biological collections), this paper shows how herbaria and Herbaria are vehicles for the understanding of subjects from various spheres and materialize their interconnectedness, promoting a global learning, fostering their historical and civic awareness. Keywords: Historical collections; Herbaria; Interdisciplinary studies.
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